{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:47:08Z","timestamp":1787507228421,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":56,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Young Talent Development Plan of Changzhou Health Commission","award":["CZQM2022026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZQM2022026"]}]},{"name":"The Science and Technology Development Foundation of the affiliate hospitals of Xuzhou Medical University","award":["XYF202464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XYF202464"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-48277-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T13:47:00Z","timestamp":1776865620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["tRF-3017b promotes prostate cancer progression by enhancing cell proliferation, CTL resistance, and M2 macrophage polarization"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaowu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunfeng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoliang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengshuai","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"48277_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003140","volume":"137","author":"W Cao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cao, W. et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer incidence and mortality: An analysis of GLOBOCAN 2022. Chin. Med. J. (Engl). 137 (12), 1407\u20131413 (2024).","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl)"},{"issue":"1","key":"48277_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-025-03733-1","volume":"23","author":"F Chu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chu, F. et al. Global burden of prostate cancer: Age-period-cohort analysis from 1990 to 2021 and projections until 2040. World J. Surg. Oncol. 23 (1), 98 (2025).","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"issue":"3","key":"48277_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2024.11.013","volume":"87","author":"EJ Schafer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schafer, E. J. et al. Recent patterns and trends in global prostate cancer incidence and mortality: An update. Eur. Urol. 87 (3), 302\u2013313 (2025).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"48277_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217155","volume":"601","author":"D Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, D., Wang, L. & Guo, Y. Advances in and prospects of immunotherapy for prostate cancer. Cancer Lett. 601, 217155 (2024).","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"48277_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02137-1","volume":"23","author":"L Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, L. et al. Prostate cancer microenvironment: multidimensional regulation of immune cells, vascular system, stromal cells, and microbiota. Mol. Cancer. 23 (1), 229 (2024).","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"48277_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026954","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1026954","volume":"13","author":"C Kerneur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kerneur, C., Cano, C. E. & Olive, D. Major pathways involved in macrophage polarization in cancer. Front. Immunol. 13, 1026954 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"48277_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2020.104119","volume":"353","author":"LQ Fu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fu, L. Q. et al. The roles of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Cell. Immunol. 353, 104119 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"issue":"9","key":"48277_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4187","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.114222","volume":"21","author":"Y Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Decoding the tumor microenvironment: Exosome-mediated macrophage polarization and therapeutic frontiers. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 21 (9), 4187\u20134214 (2025).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"48277_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-024-03633-5","volume":"73","author":"Z Kang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kang, Z. et al. Identification macrophage signatures in prostate cancer by single-cell sequencing and machine learning. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 73 (3), 41 (2024).","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother"},{"issue":"2","key":"48277_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.32604\/or.2023.046582","volume":"32","author":"X Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, X. et al. Circular RNAs in breast cancer diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Oncol. Res. 32 (2), 241\u2013249 (2023).","journal-title":"Oncol. Res."},{"key":"48277_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng, J., Sun, Z. & Li, H. The roles of tRNA-derived fragments in cancer: Updates and perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 26 (12), 5822 (2025).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125822"},{"issue":"1","key":"48277_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01739-5","volume":"22","author":"M Fu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fu, M. et al. Emerging roles of tRNA-derived fragments in cancer. Mol. Cancer. 22 (1), 30 (2023).","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"48277_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C. et al. tRNA(Lys)-derived fragment alleviates cisplatin-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Pharmaceutics, 13(1) (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13010055"},{"key":"48277_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570916","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.570916","volume":"10","author":"L Tong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tong, L. et al. The tRNA-derived fragment-3017A promotes metastasis by inhibiting NELL2 in human gastric cancer. Front. Oncol. 10, 570916 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"48277_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.51963","volume":"11","author":"X Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu, X. et al. tRNA-derived fragments: Mechanisms underlying their regulation of gene expression and potential applications as therapeutic targets in cancers and virus infections. Theranostics 11 (1), 461\u2013469 (2021).","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"48277_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2018.10.023","volume":"480","author":"R Das","year":"2019","unstructured":"Das, R., Feng, F. Y. & Selth, L. A. Long non-coding RNAs in prostate cancer: Biological and clinical implications. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 480, 142\u2013152 (2019).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"48277_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2024.155745","volume":"266","author":"A John","year":"2025","unstructured":"John, A. et al. Non-coding RNAs in Cancer: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications. Pathol. Res. Pract. 266, 155745 (2025).","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"issue":"10","key":"48277_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2023.105225","volume":"299","author":"Q Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, Q. & Zhou, T. Emerging functional principles of tRNA-derived small RNAs and other regulatory small RNAs. J. Biol. Chem. 299 (10), 105225 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"48277_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-024-09919-9","volume":"40","author":"D Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu, D. et al. tRNA modifications and tRNA-derived small RNAs: New insights of tRNA in human disease. Cell. Biol. Toxicol. 40 (1), 76 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell. Biol. Toxicol."},{"issue":"7","key":"48277_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01038-5","volume":"55","author":"S Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee, S. et al. Emerging roles of tRNA-derived small RNAs in cancer biology. Exp. Mol. Med. 55 (7), 1293\u20131304 (2023).","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"48277_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05513-z","volume":"22","author":"D Mo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mo, D. et al. tRNA-derived fragment 3\u2019tRF-AlaAGC modulates cell chemoresistance and M2 macrophage polarization via binding to TRADD in breast cancer. J. Transl Med. 22 (1), 706 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Transl Med."},{"issue":"28","key":"48277_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-024-03062-9","volume":"43","author":"S Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, S. et al. tRF-33-P4R8YP9LON4VDP inhibits gastric cancer progression via modulating STAT3 signaling pathway in an AGO2-dependent manner. Oncogene 43 (28), 2160\u20132171 (2024).","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"8","key":"48277_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.066126.118","volume":"24","author":"C Kuscu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kuscu, C. et al. tRNA fragments (tRFs) guide Ago to regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally in a Dicer-independent manner. RNA 24 (8), 1093\u20131105 (2018).","journal-title":"RNA"},{"issue":"4","key":"48277_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.02.053","volume":"161","author":"H Goodarzi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goodarzi, H. et al. Endogenous tRNA-derived fragments suppress breast cancer progression via YBX1 displacement. Cell 161 (4), 790\u2013802 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"48277_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2011.06.022","volume":"43","author":"P Ivanov","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ivanov, P. et al. Angiogenin-induced tRNA fragments inhibit translation initiation. Mol. Cell. 43 (4), 613\u2013623 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48277-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48277-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48277-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:52:26Z","timestamp":1781650346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48277-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["48277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-48277-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University (Approval No.2024-SR-010). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This study obtained an exemption from informed consent from the Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University Ethics Committee.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"18745"}}