{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:59:44Z","timestamp":1792630784004,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":56,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-48423-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T15:22:45Z","timestamp":1776871365000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Incidence and risk factors of fracture-related infection after SIGN nailing of open femoral fractures in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ashraf Chumeto","family":"Sulala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonatan Abie","family":"Tsegaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Workineh Mengesha","family":"Kefale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birhanu Beza","family":"Tegegne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abel Gashaw","family":"Wubie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samrawit Nebiyu","family":"Taffere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arsema Goytom","family":"Zegergsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atalel Fentahun","family":"Awedew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gebiyaw wudie","family":"Tsegaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"48423_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/4839701","author":"SY He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He, S. Y., Yu, B., Jiang, N., Hindawi Limited. Current concepts of fracture-related infection. Int. J. Clin. Pract. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/4839701 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"3","key":"48423_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2022.12.030","volume":"54","author":"K Pilskog","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pilskog, K., H\u00f8vding, P., Inderhaug, E., Fevang, J. M. & Dale, H. Fracture-related infection: Prevalence and application of the new consensus definition in a cohort of 1004 surgically treated ankle fractures. Injury 54 (3), 841\u2013847 (2023).","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"48423_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walter, N., Orbenes, N., Rupp, M. & Alt, V. The State of Research in Fracture-Related Infection\u2014A Bibliometric Analysis. Med ;58(9). (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58091170"},{"key":"48423_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Depypere, M. et al. The Microbiological Etiology of Fracture-Related Infection. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. ;12. (2022).","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.934485"},{"key":"48423_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyffeler, R. et al. Fracture-related infections of the lower extremity \u2013 Analysis of costs and their drivers. Injury ;56(2). (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2024.112138"},{"issue":"10","key":"48423_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-025-05203-8","volume":"44","author":"K Sylla","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sylla, K. et al. Fracture related infection complicating civilian ballistic wounds in the amasonian zone. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 44 (10), 2401\u20132408 (2025).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"48423_CR7","unstructured":"Matsuno, Y. et al. Incidence and risk factors for fracture related infection following periprosthetic femoral fractures-A multicenter retrospective study (TRON group study)."},{"key":"48423_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walter, N., Rupp, M., Lang, S. & Alt, V. The epidemiology of fracture-related infections in Germany. Sci. Rep. ;11(1). (2021).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90008-w"},{"key":"48423_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. et al. Epidemiology and Drug Resistance of Fracture-Related Infection of the Long Bones of the Extremities: A Retrospective Study at the Largest Trauma Center in Southwest China. Front. Microbiol. ;13. (2022).","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.923735"},{"key":"48423_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.5704\/MOJ.2403.020","volume":"18","author":"SM Esmat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Esmat, S. M., Kow, R. Y., Low, C. L., Malaysian Orthopaedic Association. Comment to: The incidence of fracture-related infection in open tibia fracture with different time interval of initial debridement. Malays. Orthop. J. 18, 153\u20134 (2024).","journal-title":"Malays. Orthop. J."},{"key":"48423_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Riedl, M. et al. Fracture-related infection of the proximal femur \u2013 Diagnostics and treatment. Geriatr. Orthop. Surg. Rehabil. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21514593251324768 (2025).","DOI":"10.1177\/21514593251324768"},{"issue":"3","key":"48423_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2017.08.040","volume":"49","author":"WJ Metsemakers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Metsemakers, W. J. et al. Fracture-related infection: A consensus on definition from an international expert group. Injury 49 (3), 505\u2013510 (2018).","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"48423_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevenson, M. C., Slater, J. C., Sagi, H. C., Bedoya, F. P. & Powers-Fletcher, M. V. Diagnosing Fracture-Related Infections: Where Are We Now? (2022).","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02807-20"},{"key":"48423_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alt, V. et al. The FRI classification \u2013 A new classification of fracture-related infections. Injury ;55(11). (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2024.111934"},{"issue":"6","key":"48423_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2022.03.024","volume":"53","author":"J Onsea","year":"2022","unstructured":"Onsea, J. et al. Validation of the diagnostic criteria of the consensus definition of fracture-related infection. Injury 53 (6), 1867\u20131879 (2022).","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"1","key":"48423_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5194\/jbji-8-71-2023","volume":"8","author":"SA Adesina","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adesina, S. A. et al. Infection complicating locked intramedullary nailing of open lower-extremity fractures: Incidence, associated risk factors, and lessons for improving outcome in a low-resource setting. J. Bone Jt. Infect. 8 (1), 71\u201379 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Infect."},{"key":"48423_CR17","unstructured":"Ncezid, C. D. C. DHQP. Surgical Site Infection Event (SSI) [Internet]. (2026). Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nhsn\/pdfs\/ps-analysis-resources\/ImportingProcedureData.pdf"},{"key":"48423_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2023.111011","author":"K Pilskog","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pilskog, K. et al. Risk factors for fracture-related infection after ankle fracture surgery. Injury https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2023.111011 (2023).","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"48423_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiferaw, W. S., Aynalem, Y. A., Akalu, T. Y. & Petrucka, P. M. Surgical site infection and its associated factors in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Surg. ;20(1). (2020).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-020-00764-1"},{"issue":"10","key":"48423_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.07.024","volume":"49","author":"PR Oliveira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oliveira, P. R. et al. Incidence and risk factors associated with infection after intramedullary nailing of femoral and tibial diaphyseal fractures: Prospective study. Injury 49 (10), 1905\u20131911 (2018).","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"48423_CR21","unstructured":"Makridis, K. G., Tosounidis, T. & Giannoudis, P. V. Send Orders of Reprints at reprints@benthamscience.net The Open. Orthop. J. (2013)."},{"key":"48423_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haile, A. M. et al. Fracture-related infection in Open Long-bone Fractures. JBJS Open. Access. ;10(2). (2025).","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.OA.25.00043"},{"issue":"1","key":"48423_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4314\/ecajs.v22i1.7","volume":"22","author":"A Kisibo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kisibo, A. et al. Surgical site infection among patients undergone orthopaedic surgery at Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. East. Cent. Afr. J. Surg. 22 (1), 49 (2017).","journal-title":"East. Cent. Afr. J. Surg."},{"key":"48423_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2309499017692714","author":"C Fang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fang, C. et al. Infection after fracture osteosynthesis - Part II: Treatment. J. Orthop. Surg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2309499017692714 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg."},{"issue":"9","key":"48423_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1737-2","volume":"469","author":"A Bachoura","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bachoura, A. et al. Infirmity and injury complexity are risk factors for surgical-site infection after operative fracture care. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 469(9), 2621\u201330 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"48423_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-78522015230100932","volume":"23","author":"M Fernandes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fernandes, M. et al. Open fractures and the incidence of infection in the surgical debridement 6 hours after trauma. Acta Ortop. Bras. 23(1), 38\u201342 (2015).","journal-title":"Acta Ortop. Bras."},{"issue":"3","key":"48423_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.9738\/INTSURG-D-13-00251.1","volume":"99","author":"FA Al-Mulhim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Al-Mulhim, F. A., Baragbah, M. A., Sadat-Ali, M., Alomran, A. S. & Azam, M. Q. Prevalence of surgical site infection in orthopedic surgery: A 5-year analysis. Int. Surg. 99(3), 264\u20138 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. Surg."},{"key":"48423_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001328","volume":"33","author":"AO Usoro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Usoro, A. O. et al. Clinical outcomes and complications of the Surgical Implant Generation Network (SIGN) Intramedullary Nail: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Orthop. Trauma 33, 42\u20138 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"issue":"5","key":"48423_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2011.02.012","volume":"97","author":"D Singh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Singh, D., Garg, R., Bassi, J. L. & Tripathi, S. K. Open grade III fractures of femoral shaft: Outcome after early reamed intramedullary nailing. Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. 97(5), 506\u201311 (2011).","journal-title":"Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48423-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48423-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48423-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T23:05:08Z","timestamp":1781651108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48423-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["48423"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-48423-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"was obtained from the institutional review board (IRB) of Bahirdar University College of Medicine and Health Science Research Ethics Committee with protocol no 623\/2022.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from patients for publication and use of images. The written consent is available for review.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"18762"}}