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This study investigated the relationship between changes in GD symptoms in online sports bettors and specific EFs as well as decision-making processes over time. A subsample of online sports bettors (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200954, mean age\u2009=\u200933, 96% male) from a larger study underwent an in-person assessment. Initial GD symptom severity was measured online according to DSM-5 criteria and was low to mild in most participants. All other assessments took place an average of 443 days later, during the in-person assessment. We analyzed cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between three facets of EFs (response inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and working memory) and four decision-making facets (delay discounting, probability discounting for gains and losses, and loss aversion) and GD symptom severity and changes over time. Cross-sectional results showed that higher GD symptom severity was associated with poorer working memory and reduced loss aversion. Reduced loss aversion was also associated with greater symptom increase over time. However, these associations were not statistically significant after correction for multiple testing, so they should be interpreted with caution. No other significant relationships were found. These findings provide preliminary evidence that reduced loss aversion is one cognitive factor in disordered gambling among online sports bettors, a population with heterogeneous profiles of EFs and decision-making. Further longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the role of specific cognitive processes in the development and progression of GD to better inform treatment strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-48449-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T09:03:44Z","timestamp":1775984624000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The relationship between executive functions, decision-making, and changes in symptoms of gambling disorder in online sports bettors"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3340-4274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa","family":"Wirkus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6739-8354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Czernecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5568-1435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerhard","family":"B\u00fchringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1612-3932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja","family":"Kr\u00e4plin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"48449_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1410","volume":"23","author":"T Goschke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goschke, T. 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From January 2022 until March 2023, he was partly funded by an unrestricted research grant from the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action in the context of the evaluation of gambling hall regulations and from March 2023 to March 2024 by residual funds of TU Dresden. Additionally, since 2016 he is partly and since March 2024 fully funded by the AntiSkid program and is currently employed by Mental Care AntiSkid GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany to coordinate the AntiSkid treatment programme for airline pilots with mental disorders. The program is funded by German airlines including Lufthansa AG and her affiliated companies. He is a Ph.D. student at TU Dresden. GB received unrestricted grants for gambling research activities from various public and commercial gambling providers and public regulatory agencies. He is a member of the \u2018D\u00fcsseldorfer Kreis\u2019 (a group of key stakeholders from public and private gambling providers, research, and the support system) and was also partly funded by an unrestricted research grant from the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Action as part of the evaluation of gambling hall regulations.In the last 5 years AK was mainly funded by grants from the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft \u2013 DFG) for the Collaborative Research Centers SFB 940 (project number 178833530) and the TRR 265 (project number 402170461). She was additionally funded by a grant from the International Center for Responsible Gaming (ICRG) and by an unrestricted research grant from the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Action as part of the evaluation of gambling hall regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12076"}}