{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T23:55:18Z","timestamp":1781654118820,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":56,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-48547-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T16:37:37Z","timestamp":1776875857000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with acute exacerbations of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: factor and cluster analyses"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Horio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiro","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahisa","family":"Takihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keito","family":"Enokida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuminari","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriko","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naokata","family":"Kutsuzawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroto","family":"Takiguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Oguma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichiro","family":"Asano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"48547_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201403-0566OC","volume":"190","author":"M Natsuizaka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Natsuizaka, M. et al. Epidemiologic survey of Japanese patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and investigation of ethnic differences. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 190, 773\u2013779 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"48547_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201604-0801CI","volume":"194","author":"HR Collard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Collard, H. R. et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. An international working group report. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 194, 265\u2013275 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"48547_CR3","first-page":"103","volume":"27","author":"Y Kondoh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kondoh, Y. et al. Risk factors of acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse Lung Dis. 27, 103\u2013110 (2010).","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse Lung Dis."},{"key":"48547_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-062236","volume":"12","author":"Y Horio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Horio, Y. et al. Prognosis of acute exacerbation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with pulmonary emphysema: A retrospective cohort study in Japan. BMJ Open 12, e062236 (2022).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"48547_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000422","volume":"132","author":"MS Cao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cao, M. S. et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: usual interstitial pneumonitis vs. possible usual interstitial pneumonitis pattern. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.) 132, 2177\u20132184 (2019).","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl.)"},{"key":"48547_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13682","volume":"25","author":"A Suzuki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suzuki, A. et al. Acute exacerbations of fibrotic interstitial lung diseases. Respirology 25, 525\u2013534 (2020).","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"48547_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-0323","volume":"132","author":"IN Park","year":"2007","unstructured":"Park, I. N. et al. Acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia other than idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 132, 214\u2013220 (2007).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"48547_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200709-1365OC","volume":"178","author":"M Akira","year":"2008","unstructured":"Akira, M., Kozuka, T., Yamamoto, S. & Sakatani, M. Computed tomography findings in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 178, 372\u2013378 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"48547_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-011-2211-6","volume":"22","author":"K Fujimoto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fujimoto, K. et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: High-resolution CT scores predict mortality. Eur. Radiol. 22, 83\u201392 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"48547_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200810-1534OC","volume":"179","author":"A Moeller","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moeller, A. et al. Circulating fibrocytes are an indicator of poor prognosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 179, 588\u2013594 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"48547_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201203-0506OC","volume":"187","author":"RA Kahloon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kahloon, R. A. et al. Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with antibodies to heat shock protein 70 have poor prognoses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 187, 768\u2013775 (2013).","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"48547_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-013-9530-0","volume":"192","author":"T Kishaba","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kishaba, T., Tamaki, H., Shimaoka, Y., Fukuyama, H. & Yamashiro, S. Staging of acute exacerbation in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lung 192, 141\u2013149 (2014).","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"48547_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279878","volume":"18","author":"K Enokida","year":"2023","unstructured":"Enokida, K. et al. Combination of computed tomography imaging pattern and severity of respiratory failure as factors associated with prognosis for acute exacerbation of idiopathic chronic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia. PLoS ONE 18, e0279878 (2023).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"48547_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175346662093577","DOI":"10.1177\/1753466620935774","volume":"14","author":"N Enomoto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Enomoto, N. et al. Acute exacerbation of unclassifiable idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: Comparison with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis. 14, 1753466620935774 (2020).","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"48547_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.55.6056","volume":"55","author":"K Oishi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oishi, K. et al. Survival from an acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with or without direct hemoperfusion with a Polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column: A retrospective analysis. Intern. Med. 55, 3551\u20133559 (2016).","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"48547_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002971","author":"Y Usui","year":"2013","unstructured":"Usui, Y. et al. A cohort study of mortality predictors in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia. BMJ Open https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002971 (2013).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"48547_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00159709","volume":"37","author":"JW Song","year":"2011","unstructured":"Song, J. W., Hong, S. B., Lim, C. M., Koh, Y. & Kim, D. S. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: incidence, risk factors and outcome. Eur. Respir. J. 37, 356\u2013363 (2011).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"48547_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201010-1752OC","volume":"183","author":"SC Wootton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wootton, S. C. et al. Viral infection in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 183, 1698\u20131702 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"48547_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201403-0541OC","volume":"190","author":"PL Molyneaux","year":"2014","unstructured":"Molyneaux, P. L. et al. The role of bacteria in the pathogenesis and progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 190, 906\u2013913 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"48547_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70097-9","volume":"2","author":"CS Calfee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Calfee, C. S. et al. Subphenotypes in acute respiratory distress syndrome: Latent class analysis of data from two randomised controlled trials. Lancet Respir. Med. 2, 611\u2013620 (2014).","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"48547_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202202-0399ST","volume":"205","author":"G Raghu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raghu, G. et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (an update) and progressive pulmonary fibrosis in adults: An official ATS\/ERS\/JRS\/ALAT clinical practice guideline. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 205, e18\u2013e47 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"48547_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2023.2199156","volume":"17","author":"A Comes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Comes, A., Sgalla, G., Ielo, S., Magr\u00ec, T. & Richeldi, L. Challenges in the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: the importance of a multidisciplinary approach. Expert Rev. Respir. Med. 17, 1\u201311 (2023).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"48547_CR23","first-page":"4","volume":"40","author":"AV Hill","year":"1910","unstructured":"Hill, A. V. The possible effects of the aggregation of the molecules of haemoglobin on its dissociation curves. J. Physiol. 40, 4\u20137 (1910).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"48547_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bone, R. C. et al. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP\/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians\/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest 101, 1644\u20131655 (1992).","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.6.1644"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48547-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48547-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48547-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T23:24:09Z","timestamp":1781652249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48547-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["48547"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-48547-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18779"}}