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The insecticidal activities of synthesized substrates were evaluated against cowpea aphid,\n                    <jats:italic>Aphis craccivora<\/jats:italic>\n                    , adults and common house mosquito,\n                    <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae. The results of toxicological bioassays demonstrated that compounds\n                    <jats:bold>9<\/jats:bold>\n                    and\n                    <jats:bold>11<\/jats:bold>\n                    , containing 2-thioxoimidazolidine and 2-thioxothiazolidine core, exhibited high insecticidal activity against\n                    <jats:italic>A. craccivora<\/jats:italic>\n                    adults with LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    s of 3.54 and 3.87\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, and against\n                    <jats:italic>C. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae with LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    s of 1.61 and 1.83\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, respectively. Schiff base\n                    <jats:bold>7<\/jats:bold>\n                    and arylidene\n                    <jats:bold>5<\/jats:bold>\n                    (bearing pyrazolone scaffolds) achieved good potencies with low LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values of 4.40 and 5.25\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL for\n                    <jats:italic>A. craccivora<\/jats:italic>\n                    adults, and 2.16 and 2.49\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL for\n                    <jats:italic>C. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae, respectively. On the other hand, the bulky pyrimidinetrione\n                    <jats:bold>16<\/jats:bold>\n                    and indolone\n                    <jats:bold>18<\/jats:bold>\n                    showed low toxicities. Overall, the tested substrates were more effective against\n                    <jats:italic>C. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae than\n                    <jats:italic>A. craccivora<\/jats:italic>\n                    adults. The current study highlighted the effect of the inserted function groups on 2-chlorobenzo[\n                    <jats:italic>h<\/jats:italic>\n                    ]quinoline core on the compounds\u2019 activity through the structure-activity relationship (SAR) study. This study presents promising results for the development of novel and effective insecticides to be integrated into pest control programs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-48683-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T15:07:34Z","timestamp":1777043254000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring insecticidal activity and SAR study of newly synthesized Benzo[h]quinoline-based heterocycles against Aphis craccivora Koch. and Culex pipiens L. Larvae"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Eman A. 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