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This study aims to compare vision outcomes and complication incidence after one-stage (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200970) and two-stage (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200940) intraocular foreign body removal and surgical repair across multiple academic centers. We retrospectively reviewed 110 patients treated between 2000 and 2021 at four academic centers in the southeastern United States and stratified patients by initial vision into better than counting fingers or counting fingers and worse. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA found visual acuity improved (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) after both one-stage (\u0394VA = -0.69) and two-stage (\u0394VA = -0.23) repairs, but one-stage repair was associated with greater vision improvement (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.009) and there was no interaction with initial vision (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.337). Endophthalmitis rates were not significantly different for each treatment group (12.9% vs. 10.0%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.655). The number of additional surgeries did not differ significantly between treatment groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.153). One-stage repair is associated with better vision outcomes if feasible, but two-stage repair is sometimes necessary and not associated with more endophthalmitis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-48708-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:56:21Z","timestamp":1777456581000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Visual outcomes after one-stage versus two-stage surgery for intraocular foreign body removal and open globe repair"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yujia","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjay","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramya","family":"Singireddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navnit","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madison","family":"Kerley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khoi","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulla","family":"Shaheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas A.","family":"Yannuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gibran S.","family":"Khurshid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noy","family":"Ashkenazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"48708_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10091861","volume":"10","author":"HC Jung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jung, H. 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Information revealing the subject\u2019s identity was avoided. The University of Florida, University of Texas Southwestern, University of Louisville and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute institutional review board each granted a waiver of informed consent and a waiver of HIPAA authorization due to minimal risk and retrospective design. The research adhered to tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"19894"}}