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In this study, the nonlinear refractive index\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$n_2$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    of porcine aqueous humor, crystalline lens and vitreous humor was measured using two complementary techniques: the standard Z-scan-derived D4\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$\\sigma$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    method and the phase-object imaging method. Both were performed with a tunable femtosecond laser source across the visible to near-infrared range (650\u2013900\u00a0nm). All measured\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$n_2$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    values were found to be close to\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$2 \\times 10^{-20}\\,m^2\/W$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    within experimental uncertainties, with no measurable nonlinear absorption detected. Notably, the phase-object technique proved particularly well-suited for slightly scattering or heterogeneous media, such as the freshly extracted crystalline lens, when calibrated against a reference medium (here, water). These experimental results allow for a quantitative numerical assessment of pulse and beam degradation due to nonlinear refraction during procedures like cataract surgery, as well as an evaluation of its potential impact on photodisruption geometry.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-48802-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:45:35Z","timestamp":1777038335000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Consistent nonlinear optical refractive index $$n_2$$ measurement of porcine crystalline lens and its surrounding in the 650\u2013900\u00a0nm range"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Vincent","family":"Comte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien Bilal","family":"Zinoune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Meunier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Gain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Thuret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florent","family":"Bessin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Cassagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Boudebs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyril","family":"Mauclair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"48802_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1109\/2944.796309","volume":"5","author":"T Juhasz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Juhasz, T. et al. 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