{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T05:01:21Z","timestamp":1793682081258,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD094725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD094725"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Maternal childhood maltreatment has been associated with complications during pregnancy and neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. Thyroid dysfunction could be a mechanistic pathway underlying this relationship. The thyroid is vital for reproductive health in women, maintaining menstrual cycles, fertility, and pregnancy. However, little is known how childhood maltreatment affects thyroid function in women contemplating pregnancy and those who are pregnant. Participants were from the Nurses\u2019 Health Study 3, including 217 women contemplating pregnancy and 156 pregnant women, all reporting childhood maltreatment using a validated 28-item Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Thyroid function tests were plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and anti-thyroperoxidase antibody (TPOAb). Regression analyses were conducted. Among women contemplating pregnancy (n\u2009=\u2009217), childhood maltreatment was consistently associated with lower FT3 levels, but not with FT4, TSH, or TPOAb levels. FT3 levels were 5% to 7% lower in those with mild to severe childhood maltreatment compared to those without. Among pregnant women (n\u2009=\u2009156), no significant associations were observed between childhood maltreatment and thyroid function. In conclusion, childhood maltreatment was associated with low thyroid function (e.g., FT3) among women contemplating pregnancy, but not among pregnant women. Future large, prospective, racially and ethnically diverse studies are needed to confirm our findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-48820-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T03:25:11Z","timestamp":1777087511000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Associations between women\u2019s childhood maltreatment and thyroid function before and during pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chirag M.","family":"Vyas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bohao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruthi","family":"Mahalingaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajarshi","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Slopen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc G.","family":"Weisskopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge E.","family":"Chavarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"48820_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0041","volume":"31","author":"GE Krassas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krassas, G. E., Poppe, K. & Glinoer, D. Thyroid function and human reproductive health. Endocr. Rev. 31, 702\u2013755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2009-0041 (2010).","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"48820_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1089\/105072504323024543","volume":"14","author":"GP Redmond","year":"2004","unstructured":"Redmond, G. P. Thyroid dysfunction and women\u2019s reproductive health. Thyroid 14(Suppl 1), S5-15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/105072504323024543 (2004).","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"48820_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0457","volume":"27","author":"EK Alexander","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alexander, E. K. et al. 2017 guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum. Thyroid 27, 315\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2016.0457 (2017).","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"6","key":"48820_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2013.803508","volume":"22","author":"E Fuller-Thomson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fuller-Thomson, E., Kao, F., Brennenstuhl, S. & Yancura, L. A. Exploring gender differences in the association between childhood physical abuse and thyroid disorders. J. Aggress. Maltreat. Trauma 22(6), 590\u2013610 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Aggress. Maltreat. Trauma"},{"key":"48820_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.07.482","volume":"84","author":"NK Moog","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moog, N. K. et al. Childhood maltreatment is associated with increased risk of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 84, 190\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.07.482 (2017).","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"48820_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab272","volume":"191","author":"RS Rotem","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rotem, R. S., Chodick, G., Davidovitch, M., Bellavia, A. & Weisskopf, M. G. Maternal thyroid anomalies and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in progeny. Am. J. Epidemiol. 191, 430\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwab272 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"48820_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1097\/ede.0000000000001174","volume":"31","author":"RS Rotem","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rotem, R. S. et al. Maternal thyroid disorders and risk of autism spectrum disorder in progeny. Epidemiology 31, 409\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ede.0000000000001174 (2020).","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"48820_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.447","volume":"70","author":"AL Roberts","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roberts, A. L., Lyall, K., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Ascherio, A. & Weisskopf, M. G. Association of maternal exposure to childhood abuse with elevated risk for autism in offspring. JAMA Psychiat. 70, 508\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.447 (2013).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat."},{"key":"48820_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy098","volume":"187","author":"AL Roberts","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roberts, A. L., Liew, Z., Lyall, K., Ascherio, A. & Weisskopf, M. G. Association of maternal exposure to childhood abuse with elevated risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in offspring. Am. J. Epidemiol. 187, 1896\u20131906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwy098 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"48820_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e226","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-2667(23)00025-7","volume":"8","author":"NK Moog","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moog, N. K. et al. Intergenerational transmission of the effects of maternal exposure to childhood maltreatment in the USA: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet Public Health 8, e226\u2013e237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2468-2667(23)00025-7 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"48820_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.10.042","volume":"132","author":"KM Thumfart","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thumfart, K. M., Jawaid, A., Bright, K., Flachsmann, M. & Mansuy, I. M. Epigenetics of childhood trauma: Long term sequelae and potential for treatment. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 132, 1049\u20131066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.10.042 (2022).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"48820_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2436","volume":"12","author":"C Murgatroyd","year":"2009","unstructured":"Murgatroyd, C. et al. Dynamic DNA methylation programs persistent adverse effects of early-life stress. Nat. Neurosci. 12, 1559\u20131566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.2436 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"48820_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2018.02.001","volume":"49","author":"SJ Lupien","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lupien, S. J., Juster, R. P., Raymond, C. & Marin, M. F. The effects of chronic stress on the human brain: From neurotoxicity, to vulnerability, to opportunity. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 49, 91\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yfrne.2018.02.001 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"48820_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.09.070","volume":"342","author":"NK Moog","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moog, N. K. et al. Influence of maternal thyroid hormones during gestation on fetal brain development. Neuroscience 342, 68\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.09.070 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"48820_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2005.11.011","volume":"30","author":"MG Haviland","year":"2006","unstructured":"Haviland, M. G. et al. Thyroid hormone levels and psychological symptoms in sexually abused adolescent girls. Child Abuse Negl. 30, 589\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2005.11.011 (2006).","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"48820_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2015.10.005","volume":"47","author":"TD Machado","year":"2015","unstructured":"Machado, T. D. et al. Early life trauma is associated with decreased peripheral levels of thyroid-hormone T3 in adolescents. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 47, 304\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2015.10.005 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"48820_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v5.23911","author":"C Sinai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sinai, C. et al. Hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis and exposure to interpersonal violence in childhood among women with borderline personality disorder. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/ejpt.v5.23911 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"48820_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e31826c3397","volume":"74","author":"A Bunevicius","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bunevicius, A., Leserman, J. & Girdler, S. S. Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis function in women with a menstrually related mood disorder: Association with histories of sexual abuse. Psychosom. Med. 74, 810\u2013816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PSY.0b013e31826c3397 (2012).","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"48820_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2016.303338","volume":"106","author":"Y Bao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bao, Y. et al. Origin, methods, and evolution of the three Nurses\u2019 Health Studies. Am. J. Public Health 106, 1573\u20131581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2016.303338 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"48820_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/s0145-2134(02)00541-0","volume":"27","author":"DP Bernstein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bernstein, D. P. et al. Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse Negl. 27, 169\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0145-2134(02)00541-0 (2003).","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"48820_CR21","unstructured":"Bernstein DP, Fink L, Handelsman L, Foote J. Childhood trauma questionnaire. In: Assessment of family violence: A handbook for researchers and practitioners. 1998."},{"key":"48820_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-022-00443-8","volume":"15","author":"JM Hagborg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hagborg, J. M., Kalin, T. & Gerdner, A. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) used with adolescents\u2013Methodological report from clinical and community samples. J. Child Adolesc. Trauma 15, 1199\u20131213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40653-022-00443-8 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Trauma"},{"key":"48820_CR23","volume-title":"Exploring data: An introduction to data analysis for social scientists","author":"M Elliott","year":"2009","unstructured":"Elliott, M. Exploring data: An introduction to data analysis for social scientists (Polity, 2009)."},{"key":"48820_CR24","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Thyroid peroxidase antibodies: Laboratory methods for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2010. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/2009-2010\/labmethods\/THYROD_F_met_Thyroid_Peroxidase_Antibodies.pdf."},{"key":"48820_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-020-00252-3","volume":"7","author":"AE Austin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Austin, A. E., Lesak, A. M. & Shanahan, M. E. Risk and protective factors for child maltreatment: A review. Curr. Epidemiol. Rep. 7, 334\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40471-020-00252-3 (2020).","journal-title":"Curr. Epidemiol. Rep."},{"key":"48820_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9652","volume":"42","author":"Z Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, Z., Huang, Y., Patil, D., Rubin, M. & Sanda, M. G. Covariate-specific evaluation of continuous biomarker. Stat. Med. 42, 953\u2013969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.9652 (2023).","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"48820_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.67","volume":"21","author":"D Baumeister","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baumeister, D., Akhtar, R., Ciufolini, S., Pariante, C. M. & Mondelli, V. Childhood trauma and adulthood inflammation: A meta-analysis of peripheral C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1. Mol. Psychiatry 21, 642\u2013649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2015.67 (2016).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"48820_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2012.08.014","volume":"43","author":"ER Bertone-Johnson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bertone-Johnson, E. R., Whitcomb, B. W., Missmer, S. A., Karlson, E. W. & Rich-Edwards, J. W. Inflammation and early-life abuse in women. Am. J. Prev. Med. 43, 611\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2012.08.014 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"48820_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.01.016","volume":"78","author":"SM Pinto Pereira","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pinto Pereira, S. M., Stein Merkin, S., Seeman, T. & Power, C. Understanding associations of early-life adversities with mid-life inflammatory profiles: Evidence from the UK and USA. Brain. Behav. Immun. 78, 143\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.01.016 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"48820_CR30","unstructured":"Jameson JL, Weetman AP. Endocrinology: Adult and pediatric. 7th ed. Elsevier; 2018."},{"key":"48820_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.23.1.0455","volume":"23","author":"AC Bianco","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bianco, A. C., Salvatore, D., Gereben, B., Berry, M. J. & Larsen, P. R. Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases. Endocr. Rev. 23, 38\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/edrv.23.1.0455 (2002).","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"48820_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13071010","author":"P Raise-Abdullahi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Raise-Abdullahi, P. et al. Hypothalamus and post-traumatic stress disorder: A review. Brain. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13071010 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain. Sci."},{"key":"48820_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.198","volume":"42","author":"A Danese","year":"2017","unstructured":"Danese, A. & S, J. L. Psychoneuroimmunology of early-life stress: The hidden wounds of childhood trauma?. Neuropsychopharmacology 42, 99\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2016.198 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"48820_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024768","volume":"137","author":"GE Miller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Miller, G. E., Chen, E. & Parker, K. J. Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: Moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms. Psychol. Bull. 137, 959\u2013997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0024768 (2011).","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"48820_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.02.007","volume":"32","author":"Y Tomer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tomer, Y. & Huber, A. The etiology of autoimmune thyroid disease: A story of genes and environment. J. Autoimmun. 32, 231\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.02.007 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"48820_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2010.03855.x","volume":"74","author":"AP Weetman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weetman, A. P. Diseases associated with thyroid autoimmunity: Explanations for the expanding spectrum. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 74, 411\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2010.03855.x (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf)"},{"key":"48820_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.05.013","volume":"38","author":"N Slopen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Slopen, N., Kubzansky, L. D., McLaughlin, K. A. & Koenen, K. C. Childhood adversity and inflammatory processes in youth: A prospective study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 38, 188\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.05.013 (2013).","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"48820_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12217","volume":"129","author":"R Coelho","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coelho, R., Viola, T. W., Walss-Bass, C., Brietzke, E. & Grassi-Oliveira, R. Childhood maltreatment and inflammatory markers: A systematic review. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 129, 180\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acps.12217 (2014).","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"48820_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioy115","volume":"99","author":"JF Silva","year":"2018","unstructured":"Silva, J. F., Ocarino, N. M. & Serakides, R. Thyroid hormones and female reproduction. Biol. Reprod. 99, 907\u2013921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biolre\/ioy115 (2018).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"48820_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ftd.0000194498.32398.7b","volume":"28","author":"OP Soldin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Soldin, O. P. Thyroid function testing in pregnancy and thyroid disease: Trimester-specific reference intervals. Ther. Drug. Monit. 28, 8\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.ftd.0000194498.32398.7b (2006).","journal-title":"Ther. Drug. Monit."},{"issue":"4","key":"48820_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.8.4.412","volume":"8","author":"CS Widom","year":"1996","unstructured":"Widom, C. S. & Shepard, R. L. Accuracy of adult recollections of childhood victimization: Part 1 Childhood physical abuse. Psychol. Assess. 8(4), 412 (1996).","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"issue":"1","key":"48820_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.9.1.34","volume":"9","author":"CS Widom","year":"1997","unstructured":"Widom, C. S. & Shepard, R. L. Accuracy of adult recollections of childhood victimization, Part 2: Childhood sexual abuse. Psychol Assess. 9(1), 34 (1997).","journal-title":"Psychol Assess."},{"key":"48820_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12462","volume":"32","author":"MH Jacobson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jacobson, M. H. et al. Thyroid hormones and menstrual cycle function in a longitudinal cohort of premenopausal women. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 32, 225\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ppe.12462 (2018).","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"48820_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(94)00068-9","volume":"20","author":"SS Girdler","year":"1995","unstructured":"Girdler, S. S., Pedersen, C. A. & Light, K. C. Thyroid axis function during the menstrual cycle in women with premenstrual syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology 20, 395\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0306-4530(94)00068-9 (1995).","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"48820_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.21516","volume":"5","author":"A Okechukwu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Okechukwu, A. & Abraham, I. Child maltreatment and the ecosystem of socioeconomic inequities and inequalities. JAMA Netw. Open 5, e2221516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.21516 (2022).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48820-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48820-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48820-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T23:51:36Z","timestamp":1781826696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48820-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["48820"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-48820-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19116"}}