{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:58:26Z","timestamp":1780880306147,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":54,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-48826-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T14:58:25Z","timestamp":1776265105000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Co-occurrence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene, mcr-1 and blaCTX\u2212M in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from calves in Iran"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mehri","family":"Haeili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyyed Mohammad Reza","family":"Naghibi Biji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Alsahlani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiarash","family":"Moghaddasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Omrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Ghodousi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela Maria","family":"Cirillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"48826_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clancy, C. J., Potoski, B. A., Buehrle, D. & Nguyen, M. H. (eds) Estimating the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections in the United States using antibiotic prescription data. Open forum infectious diseases (Oxford University Press US, 2019).","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz344"},{"key":"48826_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2019.02.008","volume":"165","author":"E Burow","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burow, E. et al. Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from pigs from birth to slaughter and its association with antibiotic treatment. Prev. Vet. Med. 165, 52\u201362 (2019).","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"48826_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02470","volume":"8","author":"M Haeili","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haeili, M. et al. MgrB alterations mediate colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Iran. Front. Microbiol. 8, 2470 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"48826_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00424-7","volume":"16","author":"Y-Y Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, Y-Y. et al. Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study. Lancet. Infect. Dis. 16 (2), 161\u2013168 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet. Infect. Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"48826_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00246-16","volume":"60","author":"A Cannatelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cannatelli, A. et al. First detection of the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene in Escherichia coli in Italy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 60 (5), 3257\u20133258 (2016).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"1","key":"48826_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16836","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67838-5","volume":"14","author":"R Hatrongjit","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hatrongjit, R. et al. Genomic analysis of carbapenem-and colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae complex harbouring mcr-8 and mcr-9 from individuals in Thailand. Sci. Rep. 14 (1), 16836 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"48826_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP-21-069","volume":"85","author":"P Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, P. et al. First identification and limited dissemination of mcr-1 colistin resistance in Salmonella isolates from Jiaxing. J. Food. Prot. 85 (2), 213\u2013219 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Food. Prot."},{"issue":"27","key":"48826_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30280","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.27.30280","volume":"21","author":"BB Xavier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xavier, B. B. et al. Identification of a novel plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance gene, mcr-2, in Escherichia coli, Belgium, June 2016. Eurosurveillance 21 (27), 30280 (2016).","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"48826_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yin, W. et al. Novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-3 in Escherichia coli. MBio 8 (3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio (2017). 00543\u2009\u2013\u200917.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio"},{"issue":"31","key":"48826_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30589","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.31.30589","volume":"22","author":"A Carattoli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carattoli, A. et al. Novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mcr-4 gene in Salmonella and Escherichia coli, Italy 2013, Spain and Belgium, 2015 to 2016. Eurosurveillance 22 (31), 30589 (2017).","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"issue":"12","key":"48826_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx327","volume":"72","author":"M Borowiak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borowiak, M. et al. Identification of a novel transposon-associated phosphoethanolamine transferase gene, mcr-5, conferring colistin resistance in d-tartrate fermenting Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi B. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 72 (12), 3317\u20133324 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"7","key":"48826_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky111","volume":"73","author":"Y-Q Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang, Y-Q., Li, Y-X., Lei, C-W., Zhang, A-Y. & Wang, H-N. Novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-7.1 in Klebsiella pneumoniae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 73 (7), 1791\u20131795 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"1","key":"48826_CR13","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"X Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. Emergence of a novel mobile colistin resistance gene, mcr-8, in NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Emerg. microbes infections. 7 (1), 1\u20139 (2018).","journal-title":"Emerg. microbes infections"},{"key":"48826_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carroll, L. M. et al. Identification of novel mobilized colistin resistance gene mcr-9 in a multidrug-resistant, colistin-susceptible Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium isolate. MBio 10 (3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio (2019). 00853\u2009\u2013\u200919.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio"},{"issue":"1","key":"48826_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1732231","volume":"9","author":"C Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. Identification of novel mobile colistin resistance gene mcr-10. Emerg. microbes infections. 9 (1), 508\u2013516 (2020).","journal-title":"Emerg. microbes infections"},{"key":"48826_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289134","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1289134","volume":"14","author":"P Chopjitt","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chopjitt, P. et al. Genetic characterization of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli harboring colistin-resistant gene isolated from food animals in food supply chain. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 14, 1289134 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"48826_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e04569","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04569-22","volume":"11","author":"X Lu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu, X. et al. Prevalence and genomic characteristics of mcr-positive Escherichia coli strains isolated from humans, pigs, and foods in China. Microbiol. Spectr. 11 (3), e04569\u2013e04522 (2023).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"issue":"1","key":"48826_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32406-w","volume":"13","author":"NO Khine","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khine, N. O., Wongsurawat, T., Jenjaroenpun, P., Hampson, D. J. & Prapasarakul, N. Comparative genomic analysis of Colistin resistant Escherichia coli isolated from pigs, a human and wastewater on colistin withdrawn pig farm. Sci. Rep. 13 (1), 5124 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"48826_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01966","volume":"11","author":"H Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, H. et al. Antimicrobial Activity of Colistin Against Contemporary (2015\u20132017) P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii Isolates From a Chinese Surveillance Program. Front. Microbiol. 11, 1966 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"48826_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101892","volume":"10","author":"H Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar, H. et al. Understanding of colistin usage in food animals and available detection techniques: a review. Animals 10 (10), 1892 (2020).","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"6","key":"48826_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.09.016","volume":"48","author":"I Kempf","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kempf, I., Jouy, E. & Chauvin, C. Colistin use and colistin resistance in bacteria from animals. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 48 (6), 598\u2013606 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"11","key":"48826_CR22","first-page":"650","volume":"9","author":"W Jansen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jansen, W. et al. Colistin use in European livestock: veterinary field data on trends and perspectives for further reduction. Veterinary Sci. 9 (11), 650 (2022).","journal-title":"Veterinary Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"48826_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060659","volume":"11","author":"C Bastidas-Caldes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bastidas-Caldes, C. et al. Worldwide prevalence of mcr-mediated colistin-resistance Escherichia coli in isolates of clinical samples, healthy humans, and livestock\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathogens 11 (6), 659 (2022).","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"48826_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-019-0282-0","volume":"11","author":"Z Pishnian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pishnian, Z., Haeili, M. & Feizi, A. Prevalence and molecular determinants of colistin resistance among commensal Enterobacteriaceae isolated from poultry in northwest of Iran. Gut pathogens. 11, 1\u20138 (2019).","journal-title":"Gut pathogens"},{"key":"48826_CR25","unstructured":"Organization, W. H. Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine: ranking of antimicrobial agents for risk management of antimicrobial resistance due to non-human use (World Health Organization, 2017)."},{"issue":"2","key":"48826_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03223","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03223-22","volume":"11","author":"Y-Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, Y-Y. et al. Greater Invasion and Persistence of mcr-1-Bearing Plasmids in Escherichia coli than in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Microbiol. Spectr. 11 (2), e03223\u2013e03222 (2023).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"issue":"2","key":"48826_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020308","volume":"9","author":"M Kubelov\u00e1","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kubelov\u00e1, M. et al. Virulence properties of mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli isolated from retail poultry meat. Microorganisms 9 (2), 308 (2021).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"48826_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01994","volume":"10","author":"P Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, P. et al. Characterization of five Escherichia coli isolates co-expressing ESBL and MCR-1 resistance mechanisms from different origins in China. Front. Microbiol. 10, 1994 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"48826_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120830","volume":"248","author":"R Gomi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gomi, R. et al. Genomic surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in fecal sludge and sewage in Uganda. Water Res. 248, 120830 (2024).","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"48826_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15364","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15539-7","volume":"7","author":"S Matamoros","year":"2017","unstructured":"Matamoros, S. et al. Global phylogenetic analysis of Escherichia coli and plasmids carrying the mcr-1 gene indicates bacterial diversity but plasmid restriction. Sci. Rep. 7 (1), 15364 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"48826_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky210","volume":"73","author":"Z Zong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zong, Z., Fenn, S., Connor, C., Feng, Y. & McNally, A. Complete genomic characterization of two Escherichia coli lineages responsible for a cluster of carbapenem-resistant infections in a Chinese hospital. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 73 (9), 2340\u20132346 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"2","key":"48826_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.05.005","volume":"50","author":"R S\u00e1nchez-Benito","year":"2017","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Benito, R. et al. Escherichia coli ST167 carrying plasmid mobilisable mcr-1 and blaCTX-M-15 resistance determinants isolated from a human respiratory infection. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 50 (2), 285\u2013286 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"17","key":"48826_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12172209","volume":"12","author":"T Lima","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lima, T. et al. Longitudinal Study Detects the Co-Carriage of ESBL and mcr-1 and-4 Genes in Escherichia coli Strains in a Portuguese Farrow-to-Finish Swine Herd. Animals 12 (17), 2209 (2022).","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"6","key":"48826_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0333","volume":"26","author":"G Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, G. et al. Co-occurrence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (mcr-1) and extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase encoding genes in Escherichia coli from bovine mastitic milk in China. Microb. Drug Resist. 26 (6), 685\u2013696 (2020).","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"48826_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun J, Li X-P, Yang R-S, Fang L-X, Huo W, Li S-M, et al. Complete nucleotide sequence of an IncI2 plasmid coharboring bla CTX-M-55 and mcr-1. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 60(8):5014\u20137 (2016).","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00774-16"},{"issue":"3","key":"48826_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00095","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00095-23","volume":"11","author":"V Mattioni Marchetti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mattioni Marchetti, V. et al. Polyclonal spread of fosfomycin resistance among carbapenemase-producing members of the Enterobacterales in the Czech republic. Microbiol. Spectr. 11 (3), e00095\u2013e00023 (2023).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"issue":"4","key":"48826_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx489","volume":"73","author":"A Lupo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lupo, A., Saras, E., Madec, J-Y. & Haenni, M. Emergence of bla CTX-M-55 associated with fosA, rmtB and mcr gene variants in Escherichia coli from various animal species in France. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 73 (4), 867\u2013872 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"48826_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsahlani F, Haeili M. Genetic alterations associated with Colistin resistance development in Escherichia coli. Microbial Drug Resistance. 30(8):325\u201331 (2024).","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2024.0026"},{"issue":"1","key":"48826_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06415-0","volume":"12","author":"S Trongjit","year":"2022","unstructured":"Trongjit, S. et al. Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance and ESBL production in Escherichia coli from clinically healthy and sick pigs. Sci. Rep. 12 (1), 2466 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"48826_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx217","volume":"72","author":"E Zankari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zankari, E. et al. PointFinder: a novel web tool for WGS-based detection of antimicrobial resistance associated with chromosomal point mutations in bacterial pathogens. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 72 (10), 2764\u20132768 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"5","key":"48826_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.24272\/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.131","volume":"41","author":"Y-P Cao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cao, Y-P. et al. Co-selection may explain the unexpectedly high prevalence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in a Chinese broiler farm. Zoological Res. 41 (5), 569 (2020).","journal-title":"Zoological Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"48826_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2024-032","volume":"73","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, Y. et al. Molecular Epidemiology of mcr-1-Positive Polymyxin B-Resistant Escherichia coli Producing Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase (ESBL) in a Tertiary Hospital in Shandong, China. Pol. J. Microbiol. 73 (3), 363 (2024).","journal-title":"Pol. J. Microbiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"48826_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10102034","volume":"10","author":"V Shapovalova","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shapovalova, V. et al. Molecular epidemiology of mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates: results from russian sentinel surveillance (2013\u20132018). Microorganisms 10 (10), 2034 (2022).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"48826_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941358","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.941358","volume":"12","author":"M Mmatli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mmatli, M., Mbelle, N. M. & Osei Sekyere, J. Global epidemiology, genetic environment, risk factors and therapeutic prospects of mcr genes: A current and emerging update. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 12, 941358 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"48826_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.03072","volume":"10","author":"L Migura-Garcia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Migura-Garcia, L. et al. mcr-colistin resistance genes mobilized by IncX4, IncHI2, and IncI2 plasmids in Escherichia coli of pigs and white stork in Spain. Front. Microbiol. 10, 3072 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"48826_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-017-0250-8","volume":"6","author":"K Zurfluh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zurfluh, K. et al. Key features of mcr-1-bearing plasmids from Escherichia coli isolated from humans and food. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control. 6, 1\u20136 (2017).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"48826_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw411","volume":"72","author":"R Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, R. et al. Genetic characterization of mcr-1-bearing plasmids to depict molecular mechanisms underlying dissemination of the colistin resistance determinant. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 72 (2), 393\u2013401 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"1","key":"48826_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-017-0250-8","volume":"6","author":"K Zurfluh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zurfluh, K. et al. Key features of mcr-1-bearing plasmids from Escherichia coli isolated from humans and food. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control. 6 (1), 91 (2017).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"48826_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fnac016","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnac016","volume":"369","author":"J Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin, J. et al. Emergence of Incl2 plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in avian Escherichia fergusonii. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 369 (1), fnac016 (2022).","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"issue":"20","key":"48826_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00488","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00488-21","volume":"87","author":"Y Ding","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ding, Y. et al. Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing and mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli from the gut microbiota of healthy Singaporeans. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 87 (20), e00488\u2013e00421 (2021).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"48826_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216704","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1216704","volume":"11","author":"J Feng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feng, J. et al. Stability and genetic insights of the co-existence of bla CTX-M-65, bla OXA-1, and mcr-1.1 harboring conjugative IncI2 plasmid isolated from a clinical extensively-drug resistant Escherichia coli ST744 in Shanghai. Front. Public. Health. 11, 1216704 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Public. Health"},{"key":"48826_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Q, Wang W, Zhu Q, Shoaib M, Chengye W, Zhu Z, et al. The prevalent dynamic and genetic characterization of mcr-1 encoding multidrug resistant Escherichia coli strains recovered from poultry in Hebei, China. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance. 38:354\u201362 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2024.04.001"},{"issue":"7","key":"48826_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070903","volume":"12","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Characterization of an Escherichia coli isolate coharboring the virulence gene astA and tigecycline resistance gene tet (X4) from a dead piglet. Pathogens 12 (7), 903 (2023).","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"5","key":"48826_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.5.2033-2039.2003","volume":"41","author":"J Yatsuyanagi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yatsuyanagi, J., Saito, S., Miyajima, Y., Amano, K-I. & Enomoto, K. Characterization of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains harboring the astA gene that were associated with a waterborne outbreak of diarrhea in Japan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 (5), 2033\u20132039 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"48826_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2002.183","volume":"55","author":"Y Nishikawa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nishikawa, Y. et al. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from stools of sporadic cases of diarrheal illness in Osaka City, Japan between 1997 and 2000: prevalence of enteroaggregative E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 gene-possessing E. coli. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 55 (6), 183\u2013190 (2002).","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"48826_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-14-135","volume":"14","author":"LE Silva","year":"2014","unstructured":"Silva, L. E., Souza, T. B., Silva, N. P. & Scaletsky, I. C. Detection and genetic analysis of the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (EAST1) gene in clinical isolates of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains. BMC Microbiol. 14, 1\u20136 (2014).","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"48826_CR57","unstructured":"Procop, G. W., Church, D. L., Hall, G. S. & Janda, W. M. Koneman\u2019s color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology (Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2020)."},{"issue":"8","key":"48826_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2299","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.2299","volume":"7","author":"M Haeili","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haeili, M. & Ghaderi Bavil-Olyaei, P. Assessment of in vitro activity of ceftazidime\/avibactam on carbapenemase\u2010producing Enterobacterales from Iran: An experimental study. Health Sci. Rep. 7 (8), e2299 (2024).","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"48826_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-025-00679-3","volume":"17","author":"S Vakili","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vakili, S. et al. Whole-genome sequencing-based characterization of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis and Kentucky isolated from laying hens in northwest of Iran, 2022\u20132023. Gut Pathogens. 17 (1), 2 (2025).","journal-title":"Gut Pathogens"},{"issue":"14","key":"48826_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153","volume":"30","author":"T Seemann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Seemann, T. Prokka: rapid prokaryotic genome annotation. Bioinformatics 30 (14), 2068\u20132069 (2014).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48826-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48826-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48826-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:02:52Z","timestamp":1780876972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48826-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["48826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-48826-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of University of Tabriz (Approved IRB No. IR.TABRIZU.REC.1403.177). All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"17594"}}