{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:56:47Z","timestamp":1781650607884,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":56,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFC3603901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3603901"]}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by CAST","award":["YESS 2015QNRC001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YESS 2015QNRC001"]}]},{"name":"National Key Lab of Virtual Reality Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-48851-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T11:25:10Z","timestamp":1776857110000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biomechanical study of characteristics of dynamic stability of lower limbs in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiangfei","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenghan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zizhan","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zifan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichen","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubo","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"48851_CR1","first-page":"473","volume":"18","author":"M Corum","year":"2018","unstructured":"Corum, M., Basoglu, C., Yakal, S., Sahinkaya, T. & Aksoy, C. Effects of whole body vibration training on isokinetic muscular performance, pain, function, and quality of life in female patients with patellofemoralpain: A randomized controlled trial. J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact. 18, 473\u2013484 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact."},{"key":"48851_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2012.11.003","volume":"14","author":"GS Nunes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nunes, G. S., Stapait, E. L., Kirsten, M. H., de Noronha, M. & Santos, G. M. Clinical test for diagnosis of patellofemoral pain syndrome: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Phys. Ther. Sport 14, 54\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ptsp.2012.11.003 (2013).","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"48851_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.3233\/bmr-171004","volume":"32","author":"J-H Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee, J.-H. & Choi, H.-S. Effects of balance taping using kinesiology tape in a female with patellofemoral pain syndrome: A case report. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 32, 829\u2013832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/bmr-171004 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"48851_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b4074","author":"R van Linschoten","year":"2009","unstructured":"van Linschoten, R. et al. Supervised exercise therapy versus usual care for patellofemoral pain syndrome: An open label randomised controlled trial. BMJ https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.b4074 (2009).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"48851_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3810\/psm.2013.09.2023","volume":"41","author":"JA Rixe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rixe, J. A., Glick, J. E., Brady, J. & Olympia, R. P. A review of the management of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Physician Sportsmed. 41, 19\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3810\/psm.2013.09.2023 (2013).","journal-title":"Physician Sportsmed."},{"key":"48851_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-13-00222","volume":"96","author":"SW Shaffer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shaffer, S. W. et al. Y-balance test: A reliability study involving multiple raters. Military Med. 96, 1264\u20131270 (2013).","journal-title":"Military Med."},{"key":"48851_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2016.04.013","volume":"23","author":"AP de Moura Campos Carvalho-e-Silva","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Moura Campos Carvalho-e-Silva, A. P. et al. Dynamic postural stability and muscle strength in patellofemoral pain: Is there a correlation?. Knee 23, 616\u2013621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knee.2016.04.013 (2016).","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"48851_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7452229","volume":"2022","author":"C Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, C. et al. Effects of patellofemoral pain syndrome on changes in dynamic postural stability during landing in adult women. Appl. Bionics Biomech. 2022, 7452229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/7452229 (2022).","journal-title":"Appl. Bionics Biomech."},{"key":"48851_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2025.148544","volume":"42","author":"W Dhahbi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dhahbi, W., Materne, O. & Chamari, K. Rethinking knee injury prevention strategies: Joint-by-joint training approach paradigm versus traditional focused knee strengthening. Biol. Sport 42, 59\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/biolsport.2025.148544 (2025).","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"48851_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0353-4","volume":"45","author":"K Weiss","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weiss, K. & Whatman, C. Biomechanics associated with Patellofemoral pain and ACL injuries in sports. Sports Med. 45, 1325\u20131337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-015-0353-4 (2015).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"48851_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2014-0278","volume":"25","author":"SA Campbell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Campbell, S. A. & Valier, A. R. The effect of Kinesio taping on anterior knee pain consistent with patellofemoral pain syndrome: A critically appraised topic. J. Sport Rehabil. 25, 288\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsr.2014-0278 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"key":"48851_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.7547\/1010215","volume":"101","author":"C M\u00f8lgaard","year":"2011","unstructured":"M\u00f8lgaard, C., Rathleff, M. S. & Simonsen, O. Patellofemoral pain syndrome and its association with hip, ankle, and foot function in 16- to 18-year-old high school students: A single-blind case-control study. J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc. 101, 215\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7547\/1010215 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"48851_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2309499019900819","volume":"28","author":"Y Erdoganoglu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Erdoganoglu, Y. et al. Lower extremity alignment due to patellofemoral syndrome and dynamic postural balance. J. Orthop. Surg. 28, 2309499019900819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2309499019900819 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"48851_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2309499019900819","volume":"28","author":"Y Erdoganoglu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Erdoganoglu, Y. et al. Lower extremity alignment due to patellofemoral syndrome and dynamic postural balance. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 28, 2309499019900819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2309499019900819 (2020).","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong)"},{"key":"48851_CR15","first-page":"1","volume":"30","author":"EH Gabriel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gabriel, E. H., Powden, C. J. & Hoch, M. C. Comparison of the Y-balance test and star excursion balance test: Utilization of a discrete event simulation. J. Sport Rehabil. 30, 1\u20136 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"key":"48851_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2006.36.3.131","volume":"36","author":"J Hertel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hertel, J., Braham, R. A., Hale, S. A. & Olmsted-Kramer, L. C. Simplifying the star excursion balance test: Analyses of subjects with and without chronic ankle instability. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 36, 131\u2013137 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"48851_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-47.4.03","volume":"47","author":"GF Coughlan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Coughlan, G. F., Fullam, K., Delahunt, E., Gissane, C. & Caulfield, B. M. A comparison between performance on selected directions of the star excursion balance test and the Y balance test. J. Athl. Train. 47, 366\u2013371 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"48851_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.21529","author":"A Bulow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bulow, A. et al. Lower extremity kinematics of the Y-balance test in healthy and ACL injured adolescent females. Int. J. Sports Phys. Therapy https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26603\/001c.21529 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Therapy"},{"key":"48851_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12633","volume":"27","author":"S Holden","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holden, S., Boreham, C., Doherty, C. & Delahunt, E. Two-dimensional knee valgus displacement as a predictor of patellofemoral pain in adolescent females. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 27, 188\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.12633 (2017).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"48851_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2020.05.011","volume":"44","author":"TH Nakagawa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nakagawa, T. H., dos Santos, A. F., Lessi, G. C., Petersen, R. S. & Silva, R. S. Y-balance test asymmetry and frontal plane knee projection angle during single-leg squat as predictors of patellofemoral pain in male military recruits. Phys. Ther. Sport 44, 121\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ptsp.2020.05.011 (2020).","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"48851_CR21","first-page":"88","volume":"99","author":"DY Gaitonde","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gaitonde, D. Y., Ericksen, A. & Robbins, R. C. Patellofemoral pain syndrome. Am. Fam. Physician 99, 88\u201394 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"48851_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2013.4228","volume":"43","author":"RA Da Cunha","year":"2013","unstructured":"Da Cunha, R. A. et al. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and clinimetric testing of instruments used to assess patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome in the Brazilian population. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 43, 332\u2013339 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"48851_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-43.2.190","volume":"43","author":"ST Doberstein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Doberstein, S. T., Romeyn, R. L. & Reineke, D. M. The Diagnostic Value of the Clarke Sign in Assessing Chondromalacia Patella %J. J. Athl. Train. 43, 190\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-43.2.190 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"48851_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2021.10.014","volume":"25","author":"H Bennett","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bennett, H., Chalmers, S., Milanese, S. & Fuller, J. The association between Y-balance test scores, injury, and physical performance in elite adolescent Australian footballers. J. Sci. Med. Sport. 25, 306\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2021.10.014 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"48851_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-01713-7","author":"J McKay","year":"2020","unstructured":"McKay, J., Maffulli, N., Aicale, R. & Taunton, J. Iliotibial band syndrome rehabilitation in female runners: A pilot randomized study. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13018-020-01713-7 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"48851_CR26","first-page":"2216","volume":"27","author":"A Shallan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shallan, A. et al. The association between kinesiophobia and dynamic balance in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 27, 2216\u20132221 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"48851_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1109\/tbme.2016.2586891","volume":"63","author":"A Rajagopal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rajagopal, A. et al. Full-body musculoskeletal model for muscle-driven simulation of human gait. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 63, 2068\u20132079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tbme.2016.2586891 (2016).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"48851_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.07.038","volume":"59","author":"FC Alvim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alvim, F. C., Garcia Lucareli, P. R. & Menegaldo, L. L. Predicting muscle forces during the propulsion phase of single leg triple hop test. Gait Posture 59, 298\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.07.038 (2018).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"48851_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.02.010","volume":"39","author":"DG Thelen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thelen, D. G. & Anderson, F. C. Using computed muscle control to generate forward dynamic simulations of human walking from experimental data. J. Biomech. 39, 1107\u20131115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.02.010 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"48851_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2012-0114","volume":"23","author":"K Fullam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fullam, K., Caulfield, B., Coughlan, G. F. & Delahunt, E. Kinematic analysis of selected reach directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test compared with the Y-Balance Test. J. Sport Rehabil. 23, 27\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsr.2012-0114 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"key":"48851_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2021.08.031","volume":"33","author":"VK Coelho","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coelho, V. K. et al. Knee proprioceptive function and physical performance of patients with patellofemoral pain: A matched case-control study. The Knee 33, 49\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knee.2021.08.031 (2021).","journal-title":"The Knee"},{"key":"48851_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093305","volume":"48","author":"MS Rathleff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rathleff, M. S., Rathleff, C. R., Crossley, K. M. & Barton, C. J. Is hip strength a risk factor for patellofemoral pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Sports Med. 48, 1088\u20131100 (2014).","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"48851_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.09.010","volume":"58","author":"M Eltoukhy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eltoukhy, M., Kuenze, C., Oh, J., Wooten, S. & Signorile, J. Kinect-based assessment of lower limb kinematics and dynamic postural control during the star excursion balance test. Gait Posture. 58, 421\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.09.010 (2017).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"48851_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2012-0114","volume":"23","author":"K Fullam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fullam, K., Caulfield, B., Coughlan, G. F. & Delahunt, E. Kinematic analysis of selected reach directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test compared with the Y-Balance Test. J. Sport Rehabil. 23, 27\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsr.2012-0114 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"key":"48851_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-48.2.05","volume":"48","author":"E Delahunt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Delahunt, E. et al. Lower limb kinematics and dynamic postural stability in Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Reconstructed Female Athletes. J. Athl. Train. 48, 172\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-48.2.05 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"48851_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2015.05.004","volume":"7","author":"M-H Kang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kang, M.-H. et al. Relationship between the kinematics of the trunk and lower extremity and performance on the Y-balance test. PM R 7, 1152\u20131158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2015.05.004 (2015).","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"48851_CR37","first-page":"371","volume":"16(2)","author":"S Nelson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nelson, S., Wilson, C. S. & Becker, J. Kinematic and kinetic predictors of Y-Balance Test performance. Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther. 16(2), 371\u2013380 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"48851_CR38","first-page":"121","volume":"19","author":"R Walaszek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Walaszek, R., Chwa\u0142a, W., Walaszek, K., Burdacki, M. & B\u0142aszczuk, J. Evaluation of the accuracy of the postural stability measurement with the Y-Balance Test based on the levels of the biomechanical parameters. Acta Bioeng. Biomech. 19, 121\u2013128 (2017).","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng. Biomech."},{"key":"48851_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.17.4.347","volume":"17","author":"R Robinson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Robinson, R. et al. Kinematic predictors of performance on the Star Excursion Balance Test. J. Sport Rehabil. 17, 347\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsr.17.4.347 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"issue":"11","key":"48851_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2015.05.004","volume":"7","author":"Kang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kang et al. Relationship Between the Kinematics of the Trunk and Lower Extremity and Performance on the Y-Balance Test. PM R: J. injury function rehabilitation. 7 (11), 1152\u20131158 (2015).","journal-title":"PM R: J. injury function rehabilitation"},{"key":"48851_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000172303.74414.7d","author":"SF Dye","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dye, S. F. The pathophysiology of patellofemoral pain: A tissue homeostasis perspective. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.blo.0000172303.74414.7d (2005).","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"48851_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-51.12.03","volume":"51","author":"Roberto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roberto et al. Elite Female Basketball Players\u2019 Body-Weight Neuromuscular Training and Performance on the Y-Balance Test. J. Athl. Train. 51 (9), 688\u2013695 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"48851_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.30.879","volume":"30","author":"SS Shin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shin, S. S., Yoo, W. G. & An, D. H. Effects of task velocity and center of mass acceleration during Y-Balance test in elderly females with good and poor visual acuity. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 30, 879\u2013882 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"48851_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03091902.2025.2570158","author":"EN Abbas","year":"2026","unstructured":"Abbas, E. N., Resan, K. K., Jweeg, M. J., Njim, E. K. & Madan, R. Fabrication and experimental analysis of a novel flexible keel prosthetic foot utilizing functionally graded materials. J. Med. Eng. Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03091902.2025.2570158 (2026).","journal-title":"J. Med. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"48851_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1590\/bjpt-rbf.2014.0089","volume":"19","author":"TR Santos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Santos, T. R., Oliveira, B. A., Ocarino, J. M., Holt, K. G. & Fonseca, S. T. Effectiveness of hip muscle strengthening in patellofemoral pain syndrome patients: A systematic review. Braz. J. Phys. Ther. 19, 167\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/bjpt-rbf.2014.0089 (2015).","journal-title":"Braz. J. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"48851_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-090953","volume":"47","author":"CJ Barton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barton, C. J., Lack, S., Malliaras, P. & Morrissey, D. Gluteal muscle activity and patellofemoral pain syndrome: A systematic review. Br. J. Sports Med. 47, 207\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2012-090953 (2013).","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"48851_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1097\/phm.0000000000001367","volume":"99","author":"K Payne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Payne, K., Payne, J. & Larkin, T. A. Patellofemoral pain syndrome and pain severity is associated with asymmetry of gluteus medius muscle activation measured via ultrasound. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 99, 595\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/phm.0000000000001367 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"issue":"1","key":"48851_CR48","first-page":"1","volume":"23","author":"BR Wilson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilson, B. R. et al. The Relationship Between Hip Strength and the Y-Balance Test. J. Sport Rehabilitation. 23 (1), 1\u201324 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabilitation"},{"key":"48851_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.26.641","volume":"26","author":"DK Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee, D. K., Kim, G. M., Ha, S. M. & Oh, J. S. Correlation of the Y-Balance test with lower-limb strength of adult women. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 26, 641\u2013643 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"48851_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1590\/bjpt-rbf.2014.0096","volume":"19","author":"L Dong-Kyu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dong-Kyu, L., Min-Hyeok, K., Tae-Sik, L. & Jae-Seop, O. Relationships among the Y balance test, Berg Balance Scale, and lower limb strength in middle-aged and older females. Braz. J. Phys. Ther. 19, 227\u2013234 (2015).","journal-title":"Braz. J. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"48851_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967121S00384","volume":"10","author":"JB Dabis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dabis, J. B. et al. Relationship between ankle dorsiflexion mobility and functional return to sport test performance in athletes who have undergone ACL reconstruction. Orthop. J. Sports Med. 10, 2325967121S2325900384 (2022).","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"48851_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07454-3","volume":"12","author":"F Dom\u00ednguez-Navarro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez-Navarro, F. et al. Impact of hip abductor and adductor strength on dynamic balance and ankle biomechanics in young elite female basketball players. Sci. Rep. 12, 3491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-07454-3 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"48851_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21523","volume":"30","author":"CE Draper","year":"2012","unstructured":"Draper, C. E. et al. Patients with patellofemoral pain exhibit elevated bone metabolic activity at the patellofemoral joint. J. Orthop. Res. 30, 209\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.21523 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"48851_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2018.7365","volume":"48","author":"LR Nascimento","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nascimento, L. R., Teixeirasalmela, L. F., Souza, R. B. & Resende, R. A. Hip and knee strengthening is more effective than knee strengthening alone for reducing pain and improving activity in individuals with patellofemoral pain: A systematic review with meta-analysis. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 48, 19\u201331 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"48851_CR55","unstructured":"Abidin, N. A. Z., Kadir, M. R. A. & Ramlee, M. H. in Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 012068 (IOP Publishing)."},{"key":"48851_CR56","first-page":"23","volume":"10","author":"J-h Jung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jung, J.-h & Sung-min, H. Association between dynamic balance and ankle muscle characteristics. Korean Convergence Society Paper 10, 23\u201329 (2019).","journal-title":"Korean Convergence Society Paper"},{"key":"48851_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2002.32.4.141","volume":"32","author":"DA Wallace","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wallace, D. A., Salem, G. J., Salinas, R. & Powers, C. M. Patellofemoral joint kinetics while squatting with and without an external load. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 32, 141\u2013148 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"48851_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10111184","volume":"10","author":"X Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, X., Adrien, N., Baker, J. S., Mei, Q. & Gu, Y. Novice female exercisers exhibited different biomechanical loading profiles during full-squat and half-squat practice. Biol. (Basel) 10, 84\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology10111184 (2021).","journal-title":"Biol. (Basel)"},{"key":"48851_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.26603\/ijspt20190655","volume":"14","author":"M Buckthorpe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Buckthorpe, M., Stride, M. & Villa, F. D. Assessing and treating gluteus maximus weakness - A clinical commentary. Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther. 14, 655\u2013669 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"48851_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(02)00102-9","volume":"17","author":"I Jonkers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jonkers, I., Stewart, C. & Spaepen, A. The complementary role of the plantarflexors, hamstrings and gluteus maximus in the control of stance limb stability during gait. Gait Posture 17, 264\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0966-6362(02)00102-9 (2003).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"48851_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2012.10599844","volume":"83","author":"S Dorgo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dorgo, S., Edupuganti, P., Smith, D. R. & Ortiz, M. Comparison of lower body specific resistance training on the hamstring to quadriceps strength ratios in men and women. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport. 83, 143\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02701367.2012.10599844 (2012).","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"48851_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096384","volume":"50","author":"KM Crossley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Crossley, K. M. et al. 2016 patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Manchester. Part 1: Terminology, definitions, clinical examination, natural history, patellofemoral osteoarthritis and patient-reported outcome measures. Br. J. Sports Med. 50, 839\u2013843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096384 (2016).","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"48851_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22008","volume":"30","author":"S Pal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pal, S. et al. Patellar tilt correlates with vastus lateralis: Vastus medialis activation ratio in maltracking patellofemoral pain patients. J. Orthop. Res. 30, 927\u2013933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.22008 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"48851_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-015-0736-6","volume":"16","author":"P Miao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miao, P., Pan, X. Y., Liu, C. & Wang, H. Vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis activity during a double-leg semisquat with or without hip adduction in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 16, 223\u2013237 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"48851_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/70.9.561","author":"WP Hanten","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hanten, W. P. & Schulthies, S. S. Exercise effect on electromyographic activity of the vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis muscles. Phys. Ther. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/70.9.561 (1990).","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48851-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48851-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48851-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:23:00Z","timestamp":1781648580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48851-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["48851"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-48851-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18720"}}