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Using a self-developed visualization system, this study simulated grouting in a single planar fracture with four chemical grouts: acrylate, modified urea-formaldehyde, epoxy, and polyurethane. The entire process\u2014including diffusion patterns, pressure evolution, fracture deformation, and post-curing seepage\u2014was monitored, revealing the coupled seepage-deformation mechanisms during grouting, secondary migration, and stabilization. Under the grouting parameters used in this study, the results indicate that: under the 0.1\u00a0mm initial fracture aperture, polyurethane and acrylate diffuse best, epoxy worst. All grouts underwent secondary migration; polyurethane\u2019s area expanded 160.7% (active expansion), others increased 34.3\u201377.6% (passive decay). Fracture grouting comprises injection, secondary migration, and stabilization stages. Impermeability varied: epoxy had high initial breakthrough pressure but dropped sharply; polyurethane showed adaptive cycles; modified urea-formaldehyde had high breakthrough but low stable pressure; acrylate had low peak pressure and reversible deformation but insufficient stiffness. This work provides a basis for material selection and process optimization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-48950-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T04:04:26Z","timestamp":1776485066000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Simulated study on the grout-rock coupling mechanism and impermeability of chemical grouting materials in a single fracture"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ziwei","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenyang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"48950_CR1","first-page":"3642","volume":"30","author":"LP Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li, L. 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