{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T01:01:56Z","timestamp":1787533316434,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":52,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a major clinical challenge due to the limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system. This study presents the development and characterization of a gelatin\u2013platelet-rich plasma (PRP) hydrogel as a therapeutic strategy for SCI repair. A composite gelatin\u2013PRP scaffold was fabricated by incorporating PRP into a gelatin matrix to enhance tissue regeneration and functional recovery. In vitro analyses demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, with neuronal cell viability increasing from 75% on Day 1 to 96% on Day 7 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The release of growth factors including transforming growth factor \u03b21 (TGF-\u03b21), platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) followed a biphasic pattern, with approximately 85\u201388% released within 96\u00a0h (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In vivo, the PRP\u2009+\u2009Hydrogel group exhibited significantly improved locomotor recovery on the Basso\u2013Beattie\u2013Bresnahan (BBB) scale, along with reduced cavity formation, improved tissue preservation, and decreased scar-like tissue appearance compared with other treatments (n\u2009=\u20096 per group,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). These findings indicate that gelatin\u2013PRP hydrogels support growth factor delivery, promote tissue repair, and improve functional recovery, highlighting their potential as a biomaterial platform for spinal cord repair.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-49004-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T15:04:03Z","timestamp":1776179043000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development and characterization of gelatin\u2013platelet-rich plasma hydrogels for enhanced spinal cord injury repair"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shima","family":"Ghiasi Moradi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hesam-Uddin","family":"Hoseinzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"49004_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03514-9","volume":"22","author":"Y Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu, Y. et al. Global incidence and characteristics of spinal cord injury since 2000\u20132021: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 22, 285 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"49004_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01477-6","volume":"8","author":"X Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu, X. et al. Spinal cord injury: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 8, 245 (2023).","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"49004_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-021-03477-w","volume":"387","author":"AP Tran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tran, A. P., Warren, P. M. & Silver, J. New insights into glial scar formation after spinal cord injury. Cell Tissue Res. 387, 319\u2013336 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"49004_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12060853","volume":"12","author":"T Clifford","year":"2023","unstructured":"Clifford, T., Finkel, Z., Rodriguez, B., Joseph, A. & Cai, L. Current advancements in spinal cord injury research\u2014Glial scar formation and neural regeneration. Cells 12, 853 (2023).","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"49004_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-0631-6","volume":"15","author":"MB Orr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Orr, M. B. & Gensel, J. C. Spinal cord injury scarring and inflammation: therapies targeting glial and inflammatory responses. Neurotherapeutics 15, 541\u2013553 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"49004_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkab035","volume":"9","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Deciphering glial scar after spinal cord injury. Burns Trauma 9, tkab035 (2021).","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"49004_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-01996-y","volume":"21","author":"Z Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun, Z. et al. Recent advance in bioactive hydrogels for repairing spinal cord injury. J. Nanobiotechnol. 21, 238 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"49004_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032528","volume":"24","author":"H Suzuki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Suzuki, H. et al. Current concepts of biomaterial scaffolds and regenerative therapy for spinal cord injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 2528 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. 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Nanobiotechnol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-49004-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-49004-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-49004-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T23:26:25Z","timestamp":1780615585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-49004-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["49004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-49004-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"All animal experimental procedures were approved by the Research Ethics Committees of Islamic Azad University\u2014Karaj Branch (Approval ID: IR.IAU.K.REC.1403.044, Approval Date: 11 May 2024)\n                      .\n                      All procedures complied with the ethical standards of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, and followed the\n                      Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals\n                      (National Institutes of Health, USA).The study also adhered to the ARRIVE guidelines (\n                      \n                      )\n                      .","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and animal experimentation"}}],"article-number":"17449"}}