{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T01:54:13Z","timestamp":1781661253807,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":54,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) under the 2023 Translational Research Program for the Energy Sustainability Focus Area","award":["MMUE\/240001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MMUE\/240001"]}]},{"name":"ASEAN IVO","award":["2024-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-49402-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T02:03:37Z","timestamp":1776996217000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Facile synthesis and synergistic cytotoxic effect of Ag\/Co-ZnO nanoparticles in epithelial breast cancer cells"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Huma","family":"Ayub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uzma","family":"Jabeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Aamir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"It Ee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javeria","family":"Ayub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameen","family":"Azad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Asadullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaroon","family":"Sajid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qamar","family":"Wali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saba","family":"Afzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"49402_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128607","volume":"272","author":"R Pachaiappan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pachaiappan, R., Rajendran, S., Show, P. L., Manavalan, K. & Naushad, M. Metal\/metal oxide nanocomposites for bactericidal effect: A review. Chemosphere 272, 128607 (2021).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"49402_CR2","first-page":"111","volume":"14","author":"S Pal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pal, S., Mondal, S., Maity, J. & Mukherjee, R. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera leaf extract: investigation of photocatalytic and antibacterial activity. Int. J. Nanosci. Nanatechnol. 14, 111\u2013119 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanosci. Nanatechnol."},{"key":"49402_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ayub, H. et al. Enhanced anticancer and biological activities of environmentally friendly Ni\/Cu-ZnO solid solution nanoparticles. Heliyon https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39912 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39912"},{"key":"49402_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24386","volume":"86","author":"Z Butt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Butt, Z. et al. Green synthesis of Cu-Mn co-incorporated ZnO nanoparticles for antibacterial and photocatalytic applications. Microsc. Res. Tech. 86, 1132\u20131143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jemt.24386 (2023).","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"49402_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9027","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59088-2","volume":"14","author":"AF El-Sayed","year":"2024","unstructured":"El-Sayed, A. F., Aboulthana, W. M., Sherief, M. A., El-Bassyouni, G. T. & Mousa, S. M. Synthesis, structural, molecular docking, and in vitro biological activities of Cu-doped ZnO nanomaterials. Sci. Rep. 14, 9027 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"49402_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sensi, S. L. et al. Modulation of mitochondrial function by endogenous Zn2+\u2009pools. Proceed. Nat. Acad. Sci. 100, 6157\u20136162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1031598100 (2003).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1031598100"},{"key":"49402_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akhtar, M. J. et al. Zinc oxide nanoparticles selectively induce apoptosis in human cancer cells through reactive oxygen species. Int. J. Nanomed. 7, 845\u2013857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJN.S29129 (2012).","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S29129"},{"key":"49402_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Padmavathy, N. & Vijayaraghavan, R. Enhanced bioactivity of ZnO nanoparticles\u2014an antimicrobial study. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9, 035004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1468-6996\/9\/3\/035004 (2008).","DOI":"10.1088\/1468-6996\/9\/3\/035004"},{"key":"49402_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2005.05.027","volume":"409","author":"KF Lin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lin, K. F., Cheng, H. M., Hsu, H. C., Lin, L. J. & Hsieh, W. F. Band gap variation of size-controlled ZnO quantum dots synthesized by sol\u2013gel method. Chem. Phys. Lett. 409, 208\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cplett.2005.05.027 (2005).","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"49402_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1080\/21870764.2020.1824328","volume":"8","author":"P GK","year":"2020","unstructured":"GK, P. et al. Effect of doping (with cobalt or nickel) and UV exposure on the antibacterial, anticancer, and ROS generation activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles. J. Asian. Ceam. Soc. 8, 1175\u20131187 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Asian. Ceam. Soc."},{"key":"49402_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.03.008","volume":"286","author":"H Agarwal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Agarwal, H., Menon, S., Kumar, S. V. & Rajeshkumar, S. Mechanistic study on antibacterial action of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using green route. Chemico-Biol. Interact. 286, 60\u201370 (2018).","journal-title":"Chemico-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"49402_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6526","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm15548f","volume":"22","author":"AB Djuri\u0161i\u0107","year":"2012","unstructured":"Djuri\u0161i\u0107, A. B., Chen, X., Leung, Y. H. & Ng, A. M. C. ZnO nanostructures: growth, properties and applications. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 6526\u20136535 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"49402_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201001203","volume":"21","author":"M Riaz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Riaz, M., Song, J., Nur, O., Wang, Z. L. & Willander, M. Study of the piezoelectric power generation of ZnO nanowire arrays grown by different methods. Adv. Funct. Mater. 21, 628\u2013633 (2011).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"49402_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2011.03.133","volume":"257","author":"I Singh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Singh, I. & Bedi, R. Studies and correlation among the structural, electrical and gas response properties of aerosol spray deposited self assembled nanocrystalline CuO. Appl. Surf. Sci. 257, 7592\u20137599 (2011).","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"49402_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1080\/02772248.2013.803796","volume":"95","author":"U Burman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burman, U., Saini, M. & Kumar, P. Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth and antioxidant system of chickpea seedlings. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 95, 605\u2013612 (2013).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Environ. Chem."},{"key":"49402_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.21294\/1814-4861-2022-21-6-99-105","volume":"21","author":"O Bakina","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bakina, O., Zhou, V. & Lerner, M. Bicomponent ZnO-Ag janus nanoparticles with high antitumor activity in vitro. Siberian J. Oncol. 21, 99\u2013105 (2023).","journal-title":"Siberian J. Oncol."},{"key":"49402_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2008.07.001","volume":"22","author":"M Siddiqui","year":"2008","unstructured":"Siddiqui, M. et al. Influence of cytotoxic doses of 4-hydroxynonenal on selected neurotransmitter receptors in PC-12 cells. Toxicol. In Vitro. 22, 1681\u20131688 (2008).","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"49402_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","volume":"65","author":"T Mosmann","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mosmann, T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J. Immunol. Methods. 65, 55\u201363 (1983).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"49402_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493","volume":"45","author":"A Bauer","year":"1966","unstructured":"Bauer, A. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single diffusion method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 45, 493\u2013496 (1966).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"49402_CR20","first-page":"01","volume":"12","author":"P Wayne","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wayne, P. National committee for clinical laboratory standards. Perform. Stand. Antimicrob. disc susceptibility Test. 12, 01\u201353 (2002).","journal-title":"Perform. Stand. Antimicrob. disc susceptibility Test."},{"key":"49402_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12060902","volume":"12","author":"C\u0218 Adochi\u021be","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adochi\u021be, C. \u0218. et al. Synthesis and Investigation of Antibacterial Activity of Thin Films Based on TiO2-Ag and SiO2-Ag with Potential Applications in Medical Environment. Nanomaterials 12, 902 (2022).","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"49402_CR22","first-page":"131","volume":"9","author":"M Talebi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Talebi, M., Amiri, G. R. & Doudi, M. Antibacterial effect assessment of ZnO nanoparticles, ZnO: Fe nanoflower and magnetic fields. Int. J. Bio-Inorg Hybr Nanomater. 9, 131\u2013136 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Bio-Inorg Hybr Nanomater"},{"key":"49402_CR23","first-page":"180","volume":"2","author":"FA Hassan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hassan, F. A. Synthesis, characterization, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities of some new thiazole derivatives. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Technol. 2, 180\u2013187 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"49402_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(02)00180-0","volume":"82","author":"LM McCune","year":"2002","unstructured":"McCune, L. M. & Johns, T. Antioxidant activity in medicinal plants associated with the symptoms of diabetes mellitus used by the indigenous peoples of the North American boreal forest. J. Ethnopharmacol. 82, 197\u2013205 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"49402_CR25","unstructured":"Maizura, M., Aminah, A. & Wan Aida, W. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of kesum (Polygonum minus), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) extract. Int. Food Res. J. 18, 529\u2013534 (2011)."},{"key":"49402_CR26","first-page":"1405","volume":"4","author":"P Jayanthi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jayanthi, P., Lalitha, P. & Shubashini, K. S. Phytochemical investigation of the extracts of Eichhornia crassipes and its solvent fractionates. J. Pharm. Res. 4, 1405\u20131406 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"49402_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.1c00203","volume":"61","author":"J Eberhardt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eberhardt, J., Santos-Martins, D., Tillack, A. F. & Forli, S. AutoDock Vina 1.2. 0: New docking methods, expanded force field, and python bindings. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 61, 3891\u20133898 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"49402_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21334","volume":"31","author":"O Trott","year":"2010","unstructured":"Trott, O. & Olson, A. J. AutoDock Vina: improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading. J. Comput. Chem. 31, 455\u2013461 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"49402_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2020.1842537","volume":"15","author":"AS Abdelsattar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdelsattar, A. S., Dawoud, A. & Helal, M. A. Interaction of nanoparticles with biological macromolecules: A review of molecular docking studies. Nanotoxicology 15, 66\u201395 (2021).","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"49402_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285501","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/21\/28\/285501","volume":"21","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Decoration of ZnO nanowires with Pt nanoparticles and their improved gas sensing and photocatalytic performance. Nanotechnology 21, 285501 (2010).","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"49402_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings14020192","volume":"14","author":"D Zuo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zuo, D. et al. Synthesis of Ag\/ZnO\/BiOCl composite material and its photodegradation performance on ciprofloxacin. Coatings 14, 192 (2024).","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"key":"49402_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32786","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA05197A","volume":"14","author":"V Amrute","year":"2024","unstructured":"Amrute, V., Supin, K., Vasundhara, M. & Chanda, A. Observation of excellent photocatalytic and antibacterial activity of Ag doped ZnO nanoparticles. RSC Adv. 14, 32786\u201332801 (2024).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"49402_CR33","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"MC Ogwuegbu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ogwuegbu, M. C. et al. Green synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of ZnO and Co-doped ZnO nanoparticles obtained using aqueous extracts of Platycladus orientalis leaves. Discover Mater. 5, 1\u201312 (2025).","journal-title":"Discover Mater."},{"key":"49402_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.154968","volume":"832","author":"P Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar, P. et al. Band gap tailoring of cauliflower-shaped CuO nanostructures by Zn doping for antibacterial applications. J. Alloys Compd. 832, 154968 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"49402_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2018.11.006","volume":"111","author":"C Belkhaoui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Belkhaoui, C., Mzabi, N. & Smaoui, H. Investigations on structural, optical and dielectric properties of Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by co-precipitation method. Mater. Res. Bull. 111, 70\u201379 (2019).","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"49402_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2016.12.227","volume":"698","author":"D Sharma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharma, D. & Jha, R. Transition metal (Co, Mn) co-doped ZnO nanoparticles: effect on structural and optical properties. J. Alloys Compd. 698, 532\u2013538 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"49402_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56568-8","volume":"9","author":"N Ali","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ali, N. et al. Ferromagnetism from non-magnetic ions: Ag-doped ZnO. Sci. Rep. 9, 1\u201313 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"49402_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, \u00cd. M., Pereira, G. A., d., L. & Pereira, M. G. C. Colloidal aqueous synthesis of cobalt-doped ZnO nanoparticles with MSA as stabilizing agent. Eng. Proc. 31, 53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ASEC2022-13825 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/ASEC2022-13825"},{"key":"49402_CR39","first-page":"53","volume":"3","author":"S Dey","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dey, S. et al. A critical review on zinc oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, properties and biomedical applications. Intell. Pharm. 3, 53\u201370 (2025).","journal-title":"Intell. Pharm."},{"key":"49402_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s10948-023-06514-7","volume":"36","author":"B Dey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dey, B., Rout, S. N., Kar, M. & Srivastava, S. Room temperature d0 ferromagnetism of Ag: ZnO compounds. J. Supercond. Novel Magn. 36, 657\u2013663 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Supercond. Novel Magn."},{"key":"49402_CR41","first-page":"263","volume":"13","author":"S Kalpana","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kalpana, S., Krishnan, S., Senthil, T. & Elangovan, S. Cobalt doped Zinc oxide nanoparticles for photocatalytic applications. J. Ovonic Res. Vol. 13, 263\u2013269 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Ovonic Res. Vol"},{"key":"49402_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/NHC.17.101","volume":"17","author":"V Porkalai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Porkalai, V., Sathya, B., Anburaj, D. B., Nedunchezhian, G. & Meenambika, R. Structural and Morphological Properties of Ag and In Co-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sol-Gel Method. Nano Hybrids Compos. 17, 101\u2013105 (2017).","journal-title":"Nano Hybrids Compos."},{"key":"49402_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vinoditha, U., Balakrishna, K. M., Sarojini, B. K., Narayana, B. & Kumara, K.; Effect of Eu3+ doping on the structural, morphological and luminescence properties ZnO nanostructures. AIP Conf. Proc. 1953(1), 030232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.5032567 (2018).","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5032567"},{"key":"49402_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8040249","volume":"8","author":"X Han","year":"2018","unstructured":"Han, X., Wahl, S., Russo, P. A. & Pinna, N. Cobalt-assisted morphology and assembly control of Co-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Nanomaterials 8, 249 (2018).","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"49402_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9981","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.7b01918","volume":"5","author":"R Krishnapriya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krishnapriya, R., Praneetha, S., Kannan, S. & Vadivel Murugan, A. Unveiling the Co2\u2009+\u2009ion doping-induced hierarchical shape evolution of ZnO: in correlation with magnetic and photovoltaic performance. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 5, 9981\u20139992 (2017).","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"49402_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2014.06.093","volume":"313","author":"G Vijayaprasath","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vijayaprasath, G., Murugan, R., Ravi, G., Mahalingam, T. & Hayakawa, Y. Characterization of dilute magnetic semiconducting transition metal doped ZnO thin films by sol\u2013gel spin coating method. Appl. Surf. Sci. 313, 870\u2013876 (2014).","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"49402_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2020.100435","volume":"18","author":"L Roza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roza, L., Febrianti, Y., Iwan, S. & Fauzia, V. The role of cobalt doping on the photocatalytic activity enhancement of ZnO nanorods under UV light irradiation. Surf. Interfaces. 18, 100435 (2020).","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"49402_CR48","first-page":"1007","volume":"11","author":"AF Abdulrahman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abdulrahman, A. F., Ahmed, S. M., Ahmed, N. M. & Almessiere, M. A. Different substrates effects on the topography and the structure of the ZnO nanorods grown by chemical bath deposition method. Digest J. Nanomaterials Biostructures. 11, 1007\u20131016 (2016).","journal-title":"Digest J. Nanomaterials Biostructures"},{"key":"49402_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14010059","volume":"14","author":"A Karthikeyan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Karthikeyan, A., Thirugnanasambantham, M. K., Khan, F. & Mani, A. K. Bacteria-inspired synthesis of silver-doped zinc oxide nanocomposites: A novel synergistic approach in controlling biofilm and quorum-sensing-regulated virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotics 14, 59 (2025).","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"49402_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.10.003","volume":"199","author":"W Song","year":"2010","unstructured":"Song, W. et al. Role of the dissolved zinc ion and reactive oxygen species in cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles. Toxicol. Lett. 199, 389\u2013397 (2010).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"49402_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Juan, C. A., P\u00e9rez de la Lastra, J. M., Plou, F. J. & P\u00e9rez-Lebe\u00f1a, E. The Chemistry of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Revisited: Outlining Their Role in Biological Macromolecules (DNA, Lipids and Proteins) and Induced Pathologies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 4642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22094642 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094642"},{"key":"49402_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2013.09.103","volume":"120","author":"K Raja","year":"2014","unstructured":"Raja, K., Ramesh, P. & Geetha, D. Synthesis, structural and optical properties of ZnO and Ni-doped ZnO hexagonal nanorods by Co-precipitation method. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 120, 19\u201324 (2014).","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"49402_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huong, L. M. et al. Antibacterial mechanism of phyto-synthesized CuO-decorated ZnO nanostructure in relation to hydrogen peroxide generation under visible-light condition. Surf. Interfaces 40, 102988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surfin.2023.102988 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2023.102988"},{"key":"49402_CR54","unstructured":"Jongprateep, O. et al. Influences of chemical composition, microstructure and bandgap energy on photocatalytic and antimicrobial activities of ZnO and Ag-doped ZnO by solution combustion technique. J. Met. Mater. Miner. 29, 78\u201385 (2019)."},{"key":"49402_CR55","first-page":"7024","volume":"27","author":"P Sathish","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sathish, P., Ravichandran, K., Sakthivel, B., Muralidharan, B. & Panneerselvam, A. Effect of Ag\u2009+\u2009Co doping on the antibacterial properties of ZnO nanopowders synthesized using combustion method. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 27, 7024\u20137032 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron."},{"key":"49402_CR56","first-page":"115","volume":"70","author":"AB Aliyu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aliyu, A. B. et al. Free radical scavenging and total antioxidant capacity of root extracts of Anchomanes difformis Engl.(Araceae). Acta Pol. Pharm. 70, 115\u2013121 (2013).","journal-title":"Acta Pol. Pharm."},{"key":"49402_CR57","first-page":"1571","volume":"45","author":"F Mehmood","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mehmood, F. et al. A comparative study of in vitro total antioxidant, in vivo antidiabetic and antimicrobial activities of essential oils from leaves and rind of Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Murcot (Honey). Pak J. Bot. 45, 1571\u20131576 (2013).","journal-title":"Pak J. Bot."},{"key":"49402_CR58","first-page":"1467","volume":"50","author":"Q Onyeulo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Onyeulo, Q., Okafor, C. & Okezie, C. Antioxidant capabilities of three varieties of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. On different basal media. Pak J. Bot. 50, 1467\u20131476 (2018).","journal-title":"Pak J. Bot."},{"key":"49402_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pang, X. et al. Identification of estrogen receptor \u03b1 antagonists from natural products via in vitro and in silico approaches. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2018, 6040149 (2018).","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6040149"},{"key":"49402_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1080\/17435889.2024.2347825","volume":"19","author":"P Banthia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Banthia, P. et al. Biogenic Ag-doped ZnO nanostructures induced cytotoxicity in luminal A and triple-negative human breast cancer cells. Nanomedicine 19, 2479\u20132493 (2024).","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"49402_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23823","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23823","volume":"38","author":"MD Rivera","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rivera, M. D., Vazquez-Duhalt, R., Castro\u2010Longoria, E. & Juarez\u2010Moreno, K. Synergistic anticancer effects and reduced genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles and tamoxifen in breast cancer cells. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 38, e23823 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-49402-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-49402-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-49402-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T01:02:48Z","timestamp":1781658168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-49402-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["49402"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-49402-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18814"}}