{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:08:35Z","timestamp":1783987715673,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":84,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Health Commission Youth Scientific Research Project","award":["2023QNA063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023QNA063"]}]},{"name":"Fujian Children\u2019s Hospital Talent Excellence Training Programme","award":["YCXZ202205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YCXZ202205"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-49446-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T01:45:50Z","timestamp":1776735950000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Age-related development of meningeal lymphatic vessels in children assessed by 3D T2 FLAIR MRI"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"JianBin","family":"Ying","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YanYing","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"XuanJie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TaoTao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shousen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinrun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YuYan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JiaRong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LiPing","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"XiaoYan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"QingShuang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JunJie","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"49446_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14432","volume":"523","author":"A Louveau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Louveau, A. et al. Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels. Nature 523, 337\u2013341 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"49446_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.09.022","volume":"100","author":"S Da Mesquita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Da Mesquita, S., Fu, Z. & Kipnis, J. The Meningeal Lymphatic System: A New Player in Neurophysiology. Neuron 100, 375\u2013388 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"49446_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01158-6","author":"M Hsu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hsu, M. et al. Neuroinflammation creates an immune regulatory niche at the meningeal lymphatic vasculature near the cribriform plate. Nat. Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-022-01158-6 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"49446_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0227-9","volume":"21","author":"A Louveau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Louveau, A. et al. CNS lymphatic drainage and neuroinflammation are regulated by meningeal lymphatic vasculature. Nat. Neurosci. 21, 1380\u20131391 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"49446_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0368-8","volume":"560","author":"S Da Mesquita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Da Mesquita, S. et al. Functional aspects of meningeal lymphatics in ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nature 560, 185\u2013191 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"49446_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18113-4","volume":"11","author":"AC Bolte","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bolte, A. C. et al. Meningeal lymphatic dysfunction exacerbates traumatic brain injury pathogenesis. Nat. Commun. 11, 4524 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"49446_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2019.1667780","volume":"130","author":"W Bocheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bocheng, W. et al. Intracranial lymphatic drainage discharges iron from the ventricles and reduce the occurrence of chronic hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage in rats. Int. J. Neurosci. 130, 130\u2013135 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"49446_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X18822921","volume":"40","author":"P Yanev","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yanev, P. et al. Impaired meningeal lymphatic vessel development worsens stroke outcome. J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab. 40, 263\u2013275 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"49446_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01063-z","volume":"25","author":"X Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, X. et al. Meningeal lymphatic vessels mediate neurotropic viral drainage from the central nervous system. Nat. Neurosci. 25, 577\u2013587 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"49446_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20142290","volume":"212","author":"A Aspelund","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aspelund, A. et al. A dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules. J. Exp. Med. 212, 991\u2013999 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"49446_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-023-00426-3","volume":"20","author":"CL Vera Quesada","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vera Quesada, C. L., Rao, S. B., Torp, R. & Eide, P. K. Immunohistochemical visualization of lymphatic vessels in human dura mater: methodological perspectives. Fluids Barriers CNS. 20, 23 (2023).","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"49446_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6096","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-09796-6","volume":"33","author":"M Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, M. et al. Evaluation of glymphatic-meningeal lymphatic system with intravenous gadolinium-based contrast-enhancement in cerebral small-vessel disease. Eur. Radiol. 33, 6096\u20136106 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"49446_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001587","volume":"85","author":"M Absinta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Absinta, M. et al. Gadolinium-based MRI characterization of leptomeningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 85, 18\u201328 (2015).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"49446_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2023.10.001","volume":"4","author":"M Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, M. et al. Disturbed meningeal lymphatic function associated with malignancy and progression in patients with intracranial malignant tumors. Med 4, 898\u2013912e4 (2023).","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"49446_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Absinta, M. et al. Human and nonhuman primate meninges harbor lymphatic vessels that can be visualized noninvasively by MRI. eLife 6, e29738 (2017).","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.29738"},{"key":"49446_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27887-0","volume":"13","author":"MS Albayram","year":"2022","unstructured":"Albayram, M. S. et al. Non-invasive MR imaging of human brain lymphatic networks with connections to cervical lymph nodes. Nat. Commun. 13, 203 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"49446_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7237","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-24-722","volume":"14","author":"J Ding","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ding, J. et al. Accelerating brain three-dimensional T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery using artificial intelligence-assisted compressed sensing: a comparison study with parallel imaging. Quant. Imaging Med. Surg. 14, 7237\u20137248 (2024).","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"49446_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3532","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-021-08403-w","volume":"32","author":"H Fukutomi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fukutomi, H. et al. Visualization of the saccule and utricle with non-contrast-enhanced FLAIR sequences. Eur. Radiol. 32, 3532\u20133540 (2022).","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"49446_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1419-5","volume":"572","author":"JH Ahn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahn, J. H. et al. Meningeal lymphatic vessels at the skull base drain cerebrospinal fluid. Nature 572, 62\u201366 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"49446_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4825","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32556-x","volume":"13","author":"W Dai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dai, W. et al. A functional role of meningeal lymphatics in sex difference of stress susceptibility in mice. Nat. Commun. 13, 4825 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"49446_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25670","volume":"87","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou, Y. et al. Impairment of the Glymphatic Pathway and Putative Meningeal Lymphatic Vessels in the Aging Human. Ann. Neurol. 87, 357\u2013369 (2020).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"49446_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10040293","volume":"10","author":"SL Filelfi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Filelfi, S. L., Onorato, A. & Brix, B. Goswami, N. Lymphatic Senescence: Current Updates and Perspectives. Biology 10, 293 (2021).","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"49446_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831378","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.831378","volume":"14","author":"KB Corney","year":"2022","unstructured":"Corney, K. B. et al. The Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review. Front. Aging Neurosci. 14, 831378 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"49446_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J, C. et al. Meningeal lymphatics clear erythrocytes that arise from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Nature communications 11, (2020).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16851-z"},{"key":"49446_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X18822921","volume":"40","author":"P Yanev","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yanev, P. et al. Impaired meningeal lymphatic vessel development worsens stroke outcome. J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab. 40, 263\u2013275 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"49446_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03489-0","volume":"593","author":"Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network. Meningeal lymphatics affect microglia responses and anti-A\u03b2 immunotherapy. Nature 593, 255\u2013260 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"49446_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101641","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2024-101641","volume":"37","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, X. et al. Promising outcomes 5 weeks after a surgical cervical shunting procedure to unclog cerebral lymphatic systems in a patient with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Gen. Psych. 37, e101641 (2024).","journal-title":"Gen. Psych"},{"key":"49446_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14195-x","volume":"11","author":"G Ringstad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ringstad, G. & Eide, P. K. Cerebrospinal fluid tracer efflux to parasagittal dura in humans. Nat. Commun. 11, 354 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"49446_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3645","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20170391","volume":"214","author":"S Antila","year":"2017","unstructured":"Antila, S. et al. Development and plasticity of meningeal lymphatic vessels. J. Exp. Med. 214, 3645\u20133667 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"49446_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-023-04984-5","volume":"80","author":"A Jain","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jain, A., Ang, P. S., Matrongolo, M. J. & Tischfield, M. A. Understanding the development, pathogenesis, and injury response of meningeal lymphatic networks through the use of animal models. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 80, 332 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"49446_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24624","volume":"247","author":"RM Izen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Izen, R. M., Yamazaki, T., Nishinaka-Arai, Y., Hong, Y. & Mukouyama, Y. Postnatal development of lymphatic vasculature in the brain meninges. Dev. Dyn. 247, 741\u2013753 (2018).","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"49446_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.04.027","volume":"71","author":"A Goenka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goenka, A. & Kollmann, T. R. Development of immunity in early life. J. Infect. 71, S112\u2013S120 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"49446_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.20155","volume":"87","author":"MG Butler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Butler, M. G., Isogai, S. & Weinstein, B. M. Lymphatic development. Birth Defects Res. Pt C. 87, 222\u2013231 (2009).","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. Pt C"},{"key":"49446_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-024-02120-8","volume":"26","author":"HP Janardhan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Janardhan, H. P., Wachter, B. T. & Trivedi, C. M. Lymphatic System Development and Function. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 26, 1209\u20131219 (2024).","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"49446_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, M., Kim, J. W., Ahn, S. J., Cha, Y. J. & Suh, S. H. Aging Is Positively Associated with Peri-Sinus Lymphatic Space Volume: Assessment Using 3T Black-Blood MRI. JCM 9, 3353 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103353"},{"key":"49446_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2020-0106","volume":"32","author":"G Yankova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yankova, G., Bogomyakova, O. & Tulupov, A. The glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics of the brain: new understanding of brain clearance. Rev. Neurosci. 32, 693\u2013705 (2021).","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"49446_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90603","volume":"127","author":"A Louveau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Louveau, A. et al. Understanding the functions and relationships of the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics. J. Clin. Invest. 127, 3210\u20133219 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-49446-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-49446-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-49446-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T23:40:37Z","timestamp":1783986037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-49446-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["49446"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-49446-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21940"}}