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This study links VOC assessment and cost-effectiveness analysis to support emission management in a petroleum and petrochemical industrial estate in Thailand. Annual emissions were estimated at 12,465\u00a0kg for benzene and 1,337\u00a0kg for 1,3-butadiene, with storage tanks dominating benzene releases (54.42%) and wastewater treatment systems governing 1,3-butadiene emissions (62.50%). Atmospheric dispersion modeling using AERMOD indicated compliance with Thai ambient air quality standards at all public-access receptors, with predicted concentrations below 1.7\u00a0\u00b5g\/m\u00b3 for benzene and 0.33\u00a0\u00b5g\/m\u00b3 for 1,3-butadiene, although elevated concentrations occurred near emission sources. Source apportionment revealed that storage infrastructure contributed 81\u201397% of ambient benzene concentrations at critical receptors, while wastewater treatment systems accounted for 74\u201376% of 1,3-butadiene exposure. Cost-effectiveness indicators and investment appraisal metrics were applied to evaluate emission control options. Lower-capital interventions were consistently prioritized. Activated carbon vapor recovery achieved a 95% reduction in benzene emissions, while hard-pipe wastewater modification reduced 1,3-butadiene emissions by 97.89% with minimal capital requirements. These findings indicate that substantial exposure reduction is achievable without reliance on capital-intensive controls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-49628-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T12:46:15Z","timestamp":1776861975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Linking VOC assessment and cost-effectiveness for emission management in petroleum and petrochemical industrial estate"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Peemapat","family":"Jookjantra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jutarat","family":"Keawboonchu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wissawa","family":"Malakan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarawut","family":"Thepanondh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"49628_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135505","volume":"703","author":"Z Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang, Z. et al. 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