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It evaluates geraniol, a plant-derived compound, and cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs) loaded on Whatman paper poultices. A systematic investigation assessed their individual and combined performance on iron gall ink-treated paper samples. Various analyses were conducted, including USB microscopy, atomic force microscopy, colorimetry, pH measurements, X-ray diffraction analysis, and FTIR spectroscopy analysis. The study aims to determine the most effective approach for treating manuscripts damaged by fungal attacks, specifically\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus terreus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , while minimizing oxidative damage and preserving paper integrity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-49698-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T09:54:47Z","timestamp":1778061287000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An eco-friendly evaluation of geraniol and CeO2NPs paper poultices for multifunctional paper manuscript conservation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Salwa M. 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Biotechnol. 97 (22), 9637\u20139646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-013-5283\u20131 (2013).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-013-5283-1"},{"key":"49698_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jiang, M. et al. Recent advances in paper conservation using nanocellulose and its composites. Molecules 30 (2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30020417 (2025).","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30020417"},{"issue":"7","key":"49698_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2016.1180600","volume":"33","author":"A Modica","year":"2016","unstructured":"Modica, A. et al. Characterization of foxing stains in early twentieth-century photographic and paper materials. Nat. Prod. Res. 33 (7), 987\u2013996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14786419.2016.1180600 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. 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