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The study included a group of 19 women who had COVID-19 during pregnancy and a healthy control group of 21 women. Expression levels of miR-21, miR-155, and the transcription factor\n                    <jats:italic>SOX1<\/jats:italic>\n                    were determined in human milk using qPCR. The correlation of\n                    <jats:italic>SOX1<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression with parameters in cord blood and infant blood was also analyzed. It was shown that maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection (during pregnancy) is associated with significantly higher levels of miR-21, miR-155, and\n                    <jats:italic>SOX1<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in human milk. Furthermore, strong statistical correlations were found in the study group:\n                    <jats:italic>SOX1<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression was positively correlated with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and lactate concentration (LAC) in arterial umbilical cord blood, while negatively correlated with glucose levels. Our research shows that SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy induces changes in the molecular composition of early breast milk, promoting immunomodulatory (miR-155) and regenerative (miR-21,\n                    <jats:italic>SOX1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) molecules. Post-COVID-19 breast milk serves as an active biochemical communication system, providing the newborn with signals that may modulate adaptive and immune responses to the unfavorable intrauterine environment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-49964-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T02:28:10Z","timestamp":1776652090000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Higher expression of SOX1, miR-155, and miR-21 in the colostrum of SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Paulina","family":"Gil-Kulik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"Przywara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Mitrus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicja","family":"Petniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Kondracki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urszula","family":"Szymanowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Szymanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Czuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrianna","family":"Kondracka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janusz","family":"Kocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"49964_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_20_54","volume":"37","author":"P Gupta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gupta, P., Goyal, K., Kanta, P., Ghosh, A. & Singh, M. 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