{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T01:14:10Z","timestamp":1783646050720,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":60,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-50639-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T21:35:26Z","timestamp":1778535326000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and associated factors of rifampicin resistance pulmonary tuberculosis among HIV-positive patients in Bahir Dar, Northwest, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Alemayehu","family":"Abate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melkamnesh","family":"Azage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abaineh","family":"Munshea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"50639_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2024. Geneva & World Health Organization. : [cited 2026 Jan 15]. (2024). Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health\/tb-reports\/global-tuberculosis-report-2024"},{"key":"50639_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09135-0","volume":"24","author":"S Biset","year":"2024","unstructured":"Biset, S. et al. Trends of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Rifampicin resistance in Northwest Ethiopia: Xpert\u00ae MTB\/RIF assay results from 2015 to 2021. BMC Infect. Dis. 24, 238 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"50639_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072154","volume":"14","author":"R Cioboata","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cioboata, R. et al. Coinfections in tuberculosis in low- and middle-income countries: epidemiology, clinical implications, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies\u2014a narrative review. J. Clin. Med. 14 (7), 2154 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"50639_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08533-0","volume":"23","author":"TG Wondmeneh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wondmeneh, T. G. & Mekonnen, A. T. The incidence rate of tuberculosis and its associated factors among HIV-positive persons in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect. Dis. 23 (1), 613 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"50639_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.03.026","volume":"124","author":"S Tiberi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tiberi, S. et al. Drug-resistant TB\u2014latest developments in epidemiology, diagnostics and management. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 124, S20\u2013S25 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"50639_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.4103\/lungindia.lungindia_98_17","volume":"35","author":"R Prasad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prasad, R., Gupta, N. & Banka, A. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis\/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis: principles of management. Lung India. 35 (1), 78\u201381 (2018).","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"issue":"5","key":"50639_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14050441","volume":"14","author":"MC Hosu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hosu, M. C., Faye, L. M. & Apalata, T. Optimizing drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment outcomes in a high HIV-burden setting: a study of sputum conversion and regimen efficacy in rural South Africa. Pathogens 14 (5), 441 (2025).","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"6","key":"50639_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0197737","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197737","volume":"13","author":"EA Mesfin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mesfin, E. A. et al. Drug-resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and associated risk factors among multidrug-resistant tuberculosis suspected patients from Ethiopia. PLoS One. 13 (6), e0197737 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"50639_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834013","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2022.834013","volume":"3","author":"N Pooranagangadevi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pooranagangadevi, N. & Padmapriyadarsini, C. Treatment of tuberculosis and the drug interactions associated with HIV\u2013TB co-infection treatment. Front. Trop. Dis. 3, 834013 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"50639_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e061836","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061836","volume":"13","author":"F Admassu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Admassu, F. et al. Risk factors of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among patients with tuberculosis at selected multidrug resistance treatment initiative centres in southern Ethiopia: a case-control study. BMJ Open. 13, e061836 (2023).","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"50639_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S126274","volume":"10","author":"A Workicho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Workicho, A., Kassahun, W. & Alemseged, F. Risk factors for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among tuberculosis patients: a case-control study. Infect. Drug Resist. 10, 91\u201396 (2017).","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"issue":"1","key":"50639_CR12","first-page":"35","volume":"1","author":"N Gopalan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gopalan, N. et al. Current challenges and future development of India\u2019s healthcare system towards tuberculosis-free India\u2014research evidence and programmatic initiatives. Curr. Challenges Future Dev. Healthc. Syst. India. 1 (1), 35\u201338 (2024).","journal-title":"Curr. Challenges Future Dev. Healthc. Syst. India"},{"key":"50639_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tawfick, M. M., Badawy, M. S., Taleb, M. H. & Menofy, N. G. Tuberculosis diagnosis and detection of drug resistance: a comprehensive updated review. J. Pure Appl. Microbiol. ;17(4). (2023).","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.17.4.56"},{"issue":"3","key":"50639_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0282046","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282046","volume":"18","author":"E Matulyte","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matulyte, E. et al. The socio-demographic, clinical characteristics and outcomes of tuberculosis among HIV-infected adults in Lithuania: a thirteen-year analysis. PLoS One. 18 (3), e0282046 (2023).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"50639_CR15","unstructured":"Tadesse, M. Improving the diagnosis of tuberculosis in hard-to-diagnose populations: clinical evaluation of GeneXpert MTB\/RIF and alternative approaches in Ethiopia [dissertation]. Antwerp: University of Antwerp; (2020)."},{"issue":"10","key":"50639_CR16","first-page":"300","volume":"7","author":"MA Reta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reta, M. A. et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance in Ethiopia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 7 (10), 300 (2022).","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"50639_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2022.100336","volume":"29","author":"M Toru","year":"2022","unstructured":"Toru, M., Baye, A., Gebeyehu, Z., Abebaw, A. & Reta, A. Prevalence, associated factors and rifampicin resistance pattern of pulmonary tuberculosis among HIV-positive patients attending antiretroviral treatment clinics at East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia: an institution-based cross-sectional study. J. Clin. Tuberc Other Mycobact. Dis. 29, 100336 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Tuberc Other Mycobact. Dis."},{"key":"50639_CR18","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Xpert MTB\/RIF implementation manual: technical and operational how-to; practical considerations (World Health Organization, 2014)."},{"issue":"6","key":"50639_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20458","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020458","volume":"6","author":"A Rachow","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rachow, A. et al. Rapid and accurate detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples by Cepheid Xpert MTB\/RIF assay: a clinical validation study. PLoS One. 6 (6), e20458 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"50639_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3829","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S412951","volume":"16","author":"A Seid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Seid, A. et al. Characteristics of TB\/HIV co-infection and patterns of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Northwest Amhara, Ethiopia. Infect. Drug Resist. 16, 3829\u20133845 (2023).","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"issue":"2","key":"50639_CR21","first-page":"1","volume":"38","author":"M Mengistu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mengistu, M., Negash, B. T. & Ali, M. M. Prevalence and associated factors of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among tuberculosis patients at Yirgalem General Hospital, Sidama Regional State, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study based on five years of secondary data. Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 38 (2), 1\u20138 (2024).","journal-title":"Ethiop. J. Health Dev."},{"issue":"22","key":"50639_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25111","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.25111","volume":"38","author":"B Sharew","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sharew, B. et al. Detection of rifampicin resistance rpoB gene using GeneXpert MTB\/RIF assay in pulmonary tuberculosis cases at Debre Tabor Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 38 (22), e25111 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"50639_CR23","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 3: diagnosis\u2014rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection (World Health Organization, 2021)."},{"key":"50639_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demelash, M., Nibret, E., Hailegebriel, T., Minichil, Z. & Mekonnen, D. Prevalence of rifampicin-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis using GeneXpert assay in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon ;9(9). (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19554"},{"issue":"12","key":"50639_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0277145","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277145","volume":"17","author":"GT Akalu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akalu, G. T., Tessema, B. & Petros, B. High proportion of rifampicin-resistant TB and mutations conferring resistance outside the RRDR of the rpoB gene detected by GeneXpert MTB\/RIF assay in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PLoS One. 17 (12), e0277145 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"50639_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-2328-4","volume":"10","author":"W Mulu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mulu, W. et al. Rifampicin-resistance pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and associated factors among presumptive tuberculosis patients referred to Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Ethiopia. BMC Res. Notes. 10 (1), 8 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"50639_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simieneh, A. et al. Prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis and its associated factors among tuberculosis patients at Wolkite Health Center, central Ethiopia. Sci. Rep. (2026).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-34986-9"},{"key":"50639_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S263795","volume":"13","author":"SK Sah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sah, S. K. et al. Rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by GeneXpert MTB\/RIF and associated factors among presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Nepal. Infect. Drug Resist. 13, 2911\u20132919 (2020).","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"issue":"3","key":"50639_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/15321819.2019.1583579","volume":"40","author":"SO Adetunji","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adetunji, S. O., Donbraye, E., Ekong, M. J. & Adetunji, B. I. Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis among known HIV-infected patients in Oyo State, Nigeria. J. Immunoass. Immunochem. 40 (3), 289\u2013299 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Immunoass. Immunochem"},{"issue":"9","key":"50639_CR30","first-page":"e68784","volume":"16","author":"A Patel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patel, A. et al. A comprehensive review of HIV-associated tuberculosis: clinical challenges and advances in management. Cureus 16 (9), e68784 (2024).","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"12","key":"50639_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21121594","volume":"21","author":"LM Faye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Faye, L. M., Hosu, M. C. & Apalata, T. Drug-resistant tuberculosis in rural Eastern Cape, South Africa: a study of patients\u2019 characteristics in selected healthcare facilities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 21 (12), 1594 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"50639_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy, S. C., Mohan, K. M. G. & Jain, K. Impact of socioeconomic factors on the treatment of tuberculosis. In: Emerging paradigms in delivery systems for antitubercular therapy. Academic; 353\u2013369. (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-24035-5.00016-5"},{"key":"50639_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105911","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1105911","volume":"10","author":"HW Agazhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Agazhu, H. W., Assefa, Z. M., Beshir, M. T., Tadesse, H. & Mengstie, A. S. Treatment outcomes and associated factors among tuberculosis patients attending Gurage Zone public hospitals, Southern Ethiopia. Front. Med. (Lausanne). 10, 1105911 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"5","key":"50639_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15051033","volume":"15","author":"A Strzelak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Strzelak, A., Ratajczak, A., Adamiec, A. & Feleszko, W. Tobacco smoke induces and alters immune responses in the lung triggering inflammation, allergy, asthma and other lung diseases: a mechanistic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 15 (5), 1033 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"50639_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.03.026","volume":"124","author":"S Tiberi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tiberi, S. et al. Drug-resistant TB\u2014latest developments in epidemiology, diagnostics and management. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 124, S20\u2013S25 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"50639_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_58_25","volume":"25","author":"MN Mwansumbule","year":"2026","unstructured":"Mwansumbule, M. N. & Chuwa, A. H. Beyond HIV: prevalence and interaction of immunosuppressive conditions in patients with tuberculosis. Ann. Afr. Med. 25 (1), 105\u2013109 (2026).","journal-title":"Ann. Afr. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"50639_CR37","first-page":"340","volume":"6","author":"LC Korir","year":"2025","unstructured":"Korir, L. C., Were, T., Mustafa, B. & Kimoloi, S. Association between blood group, CD4 count, viral load and opportunistic infections among patients attending Kericho County Referral Comprehensive Care Clinic, Kenya. Afr. J. Empir. Res. 6 (4), 340\u2013355 (2025).","journal-title":"Afr. J. Empir. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"50639_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20013-x","volume":"24","author":"A Kippen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kippen, A., Nzimande, L., Gareta, D. & Iwuji, C. The viral load monitoring cascade in HIV treatment programmes in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. BMC Public. Health. 24 (1), 2603 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"50639_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac232","volume":"75","author":"M Bateman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bateman, M. et al. Adherence measured using electronic dose monitoring is associated with emergent antiretroviral resistance and poor outcomes in people with HIV\/AIDS and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 75 (9), 1489\u20131496 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"50639_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12666","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96631-1","volume":"15","author":"I Ahmed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ahmed, I. et al. Suboptimal adherence to antiretroviral treatment and its predictors among people living with HIV in the era of test and treat. Sci. Rep. 15 (1), 12666 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-50639-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-50639-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-50639-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:39:25Z","timestamp":1783643965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-50639-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["50639"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-50639-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from Institutional Review Board (IRB), Bahir Dar University. Written informed consent was ensured from all study participants to take part in the study voluntarily after they get informed about the objective and purpose of the study. This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors have reviewed and approved the manuscript for submission and publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21578"}}