{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T22:53:32Z","timestamp":1782168812048,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":57,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004156","name":"Mahidol University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["New Researcher Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["New Researcher Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N42A650360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A650360"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-50652-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T09:05:00Z","timestamp":1777280700000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Forced expiration: a simple technique that acutely increases core muscle contraction in mild chronic non-specific low back pain"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Pathaimas","family":"Kingcha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanokwan","family":"Polsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panakorn","family":"Sungnak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pathtarajaree","family":"Junsiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roongtiwa","family":"Vachalathiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peemongkon","family":"Wattananon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"50652_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e305","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00133-9","volume":"5","author":"R The Lancet","year":"2023","unstructured":"The Lancet, R. The global epidemic of low back pain. Lancet Rheumatol. 5 (6), e305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00133-9 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"issue":"10137","key":"50652_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)30480-x","volume":"9","author":"J Hartvigsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hartvigsen, J. et al. What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention. Lancet Jun. 9 (10137), 2356\u20132367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)30480-x (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Jun"},{"issue":"7","key":"50652_CR3","first-page":"421","volume":"1","author":"JS Will","year":"2018","unstructured":"Will, J. S., Bury, D. C. & Miller, J. A. Mechanical low back pain. Am Fam Physician Oct. 1 (7), 421\u2013428 (2018).","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician Oct."},{"issue":"6","key":"50652_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2010.10.002","volume":"24","author":"D Hoy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hoy, D., Brooks, P., Blyth, F. & Buchbinder, R. The epidemiology of low back pain. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 24 (6), 769\u2013781 (2010).","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"50652_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-018-2387-x","volume":"18","author":"RA Laird","year":"2019","unstructured":"Laird, R. A., Keating, J. L., Ussing, K., Li, P. & Kent, P. Does movement matter in people with back pain? Investigating \u2018atypical\u2019 lumbo-pelvic kinematics in people with and without back pain using wireless movement sensors. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord Jan. 18 (1), 28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-018-2387-x (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord Jan"},{"issue":"4","key":"50652_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2005.07.001","volume":"10","author":"P O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2005","unstructured":"O\u2019Sullivan, P. Diagnosis and classification of chronic low back pain disorders: maladaptive movement and motor control impairments as underlying mechanism. Man Ther Nov. 10 (4), 242\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.math.2005.07.001 (2005).","journal-title":"Man Ther Nov"},{"issue":"6","key":"50652_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2017.08.001","volume":"21","author":"S Sahrmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sahrmann, S., Azevedo, D. C. & Dillen, L. V. Diagnosis and treatment of movement system impairment syndromes. Braz J. Phys. Ther Nov-Dec. 21 (6), 391\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjpt.2017.08.001 (2017).","journal-title":"Braz J. Phys. Ther Nov-Dec"},{"issue":"6","key":"50652_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2019.7917","volume":"49","author":"JH van Die\u00ebn","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Die\u00ebn, J. H., Reeves, N. P., Kawchuk, G., van Dillen, L. R. & Hodges, P. W. Motor control changes in low back pain: Divergence in presentations and mechanisms. J Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther Jun. 49 (6), 370\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2019.7917 (2019).","journal-title":"J Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther Jun"},{"key":"50652_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2018.03.008","volume":"36","author":"HA Luomajoki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luomajoki, H. A., Bonet Beltran, M. B., Careddu, S. & Bauer, C. M. Effectiveness of movement control exercise on patients with non-specific low back pain and movement control impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Musculoskelet Sci. Pract Aug. 36, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msksp.2018.03.008 (2018).","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Sci. Pract Aug"},{"issue":"1","key":"50652_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd012004","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.Cd012004","volume":"8","author":"BT Saragiotto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saragiotto, B. T. et al. Motor control exercise for chronic non-specific low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev Jan. 8 (1), Cd012004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.Cd012004 (2016).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev Jan"},{"issue":"12","key":"50652_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.07.010","volume":"154","author":"AYL Wong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wong, A. Y. L., Parent, E. C., Funabashi, M., Stanton, T. R. & Kawchuk, G. N. Do various baseline characteristics of transversus abdominis and lumbar multifidus predict clinical outcomes in nonspecific low back pain? A systematic review. Pain Dec. 154 (12), 2589\u20132602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2013.07.010 (2013).","journal-title":"Pain Dec."},{"issue":"4","key":"50652_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/s1050-6411(03)00044-0","volume":"13","author":"MM Panjabi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Panjabi, M. M. Clinical spinal instability and low back pain. J Electromyogr. Kinesiol Aug. 13 (4), 371\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1050-6411(03)00044-0 (2003).","journal-title":"J Electromyogr. Kinesiol Aug"},{"key":"50652_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barker, P. J., Briggs, C. A. & Bogeski, G. Tensile transmission across the lumbar fasciae in unembalmed cadavers: effects of tension to various muscular attachments. Spine (Phila Pa). Jan 15 2004;29(2):129\u2009\u2013\u200938. ). Jan 15 2004;29(2):129\u2009\u2013\u200938. (1976). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.Brs.0000107005.62513.32","DOI":"10.1097\/01.Brs.0000107005.62513.32"},{"issue":"1","key":"50652_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.08.146","volume":"91","author":"JJ Hebert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hebert, J. J., Koppenhaver, S. L., Magel, J. S. & Fritz, J. M. The relationship of transversus abdominis and lumbar multifidus activation and prognostic factors for clinical success with a stabilization exercise program: a cross-sectional study. Arch Phys. Med. Rehabil Jan. 91 (1), 78\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.08.146 (2010).","journal-title":"Arch Phys. Med. Rehabil Jan"},{"issue":"6","key":"50652_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2011.05.007","volume":"16","author":"J Hides","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hides, J., Stanton, W., Mendis, M. D. & Sexton, M. The relationship of transversus abdominis and lumbar multifidus clinical muscle tests in patients with chronic low back pain. Man Ther Dec. 16 (6), 573\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.math.2011.05.007 (2011).","journal-title":"Man Ther Dec."},{"issue":"11","key":"50652_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.33.845","volume":"33","author":"M Ge","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ge, M. et al. Analysis of the relationship between the transversus abdominis and lower back pain using an ultrasound. J Phys. Ther. Sci Nov. 33 (11), 845\u2013849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1589\/jpts.33.845 (2021).","journal-title":"J Phys. Ther. Sci Nov"},{"key":"50652_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2024.04.031","volume":"40","author":"PK Morelh\u00e3o","year":"2024","unstructured":"Morelh\u00e3o, P. K. et al. Evaluation of the thickness of the transverse muscles of the abdomen and the internal oblique muscles using ultrasound imaging in women with back pain. J Bodyw. Mov. Ther Oct. 40, 339\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbmt.2024.04.031 (2024).","journal-title":"J Bodyw. Mov. Ther Oct."},{"issue":"6","key":"50652_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738113502451","volume":"5","author":"J Brumitt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brumitt, J., Matheson, J. W. & Meira, E. P. Core stabilization exercise prescription, part I: current concepts in assessment and intervention. Sports Health Nov. 5 (6), 504\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1941738113502451 (2013).","journal-title":"Sports Health Nov"},{"key":"50652_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Ja\u00e9n, M., Cortell-Tormo, J. M., Hern\u00e1ndez-S\u00e1nchez, S. & Tortosa-Mart\u00ednez, J. Influence of abdominal hollowing maneuver on the core musculature activation during the prone plank exercise. Int J. Environ. Res. Public. Health Oct. 12 (20). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17207410 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17207410"},{"issue":"3","key":"50652_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2014.04.012","volume":"18","author":"T Suehiro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Suehiro, T. et al. Comparison of spine motion and trunk muscle activity between abdominal hollowing and abdominal bracing maneuvers during prone hip extension. J Bodyw. Mov. Ther Jul. 18 (3), 482\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbmt.2014.04.012 (2014).","journal-title":"J Bodyw. Mov. Ther Jul"},{"issue":"10","key":"50652_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2008.2897","volume":"38","author":"DS Teyhen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Teyhen, D. S. et al. Changes in deep abdominal muscle thickness during common trunk-strengthening exercises using ultrasound imaging. J Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther Oct. 38 (10), 596\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2008.2897 (2008).","journal-title":"J Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther Oct."},{"key":"50652_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hides, J., Richardson, C. & Hodges, P. Local segmental control. In: Hides J, Richardson C, Hodges P, editors. Therapeutic Exercise for Lumbopelvic Stabilization. Churchill Livingstone; :185\u2013219. (2007).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-07293-2.50017-0"},{"issue":"3","key":"50652_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/s11420-019-09717-8","volume":"15","author":"C Lynders","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lynders, C. The critical role of development of the transversus abdominis in the prevention and treatment of low back pain. HSS J. 15 (3), 214\u2013220 (2019).","journal-title":"HSS Journal\u00ae"},{"issue":"5","key":"50652_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2012.04.006","volume":"17","author":"H Ishida","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ishida, H., Hirose, R. & Watanabe, S. Comparison of changes in the contraction of the lateral abdominal muscles between the abdominal drawing-in maneuver and breathe held at the maximum expiratory level. Man Ther Oct. 17 (5), 427\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.math.2012.04.006 (2012).","journal-title":"Man Ther Oct."},{"issue":"1","key":"50652_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.30.119","volume":"30","author":"T Sugimoto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sugimoto, T., Yokogawa, M., Miaki, H., Madokoro, S. & Nakagawa, T. Changes in thickness of the transversus abdominis during the abdominal drawing-in manoeuvre and expiratory muscle training in elderly people. J Phys. Ther. Sci Jan. 30 (1), 119\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1589\/jpts.30.119 (2018).","journal-title":"J Phys. Ther. Sci Jan"},{"issue":"2","key":"50652_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2012.12.002","volume":"17","author":"H Ishida","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ishida, H. & Watanabe, S. Changes in lateral abdominal muscles\u2019 thickness immediately after the abdominal drawing-in maneuver and maximum expiration. J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther. 17 (2), 254\u2013258 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"50652_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-025-01460-4","volume":"10","author":"IE Deniz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Deniz, I. E. & Erdemir, I. Influence of breathing strategies on maximal strength output and hemodynamic parameters during bench press exercise. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil Dec. 10 (1), 22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13102-025-01460-4 (2025).","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil Dec."},{"issue":"3","key":"50652_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2011.3437","volume":"41","author":"M Hagins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hagins, M. & Lamberg, E. M. Individuals with low back pain breathe differently than healthy individuals during a lifting task. J Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther Mar. 41 (3), 141\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2011.3437 (2011).","journal-title":"J Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther Mar."},{"issue":"2","key":"50652_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56020084","volume":"56","author":"V Abu\u00edn-Porras","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abu\u00edn-Porras, V. et al. Comparison of lateral abdominal musculature activation during expiration with an expiratory flow control device versus the abdominal drawing-in maneuver in healthy women: A cross-sectional observational pilot study. Medicina 56 (2), 84 (2020).","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"issue":"3","key":"50652_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1177\/10538127241304363","volume":"38","author":"P Sungnak","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sungnak, P. et al. Associations among lumbopelvic muscle activation, functional capacity, and self-reported clinical outcomes in individuals with chronic low back pain: A cross-sectional study. J Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil May. 38 (3), 524\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10538127241304363 (2025).","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil May"},{"key":"50652_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hebert, J. J., Koppenhaver, S. L., Parent, E. C. & Fritz, J. M. A systematic review of the reliability of rehabilitative ultrasound imaging for the quantitative assessment of the abdominal and lumbar trunk muscles. Spine (Phila Pa). Nov 1 2009;34(23):E848-56. ). Nov 1 2009;34(23):E848-56. (1976). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181ae625c","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181ae625c"},{"issue":"3","key":"50652_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/s0004-9514(09)70076-5","volume":"55","author":"SL Koppenhaver","year":"2009","unstructured":"Koppenhaver, S. L., Hebert, J. J., Parent, E. C. & Fritz, J. M. Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging is a valid measure of trunk muscle size and activation during most isometric sub-maximal contractions: a systematic review. Aust J. Physiother. 55 (3), 153\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0004-9514(09)70076-5 (2009).","journal-title":"Aust J. Physiother"},{"issue":"6","key":"50652_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2005.35.6.346","volume":"35","author":"DS Teyhen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Teyhen, D. S. et al. The use of ultrasound imaging of the abdominal drawing-in maneuver in subjects with low back pain. J Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther Jun. 35 (6), 346\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2005.35.6.346 (2005).","journal-title":"J Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther Jun"},{"issue":"2","key":"50652_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2004.08.011","volume":"10","author":"DM Urquhart","year":"2005","unstructured":"Urquhart, D. M., Hodges, P. W., Allen, T. J. & Story, I. H. Abdominal muscle recruitment during a range of voluntary exercises. Man Ther May. 10 (2), 144\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.math.2004.08.011 (2005).","journal-title":"Man Ther May"},{"key":"50652_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hodges, P. W. & Gandevia, S. C. Changes in intra-abdominal pressure during postural and respiratory activation of the human diaphragm. J. Appl. Physiol. (1985). 89 (3), 967\u2013976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.3.967 (Sep 2000).","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.3.967"},{"issue":"4","key":"50652_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01216.2009","volume":"109","author":"P Kolar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kolar, P. et al. Stabilizing function of the diaphragm: dynamic MRI and synchronized spirometric assessment. J Appl. Physiol. (1985) Oct. 109 (4), 1064\u20131071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.01216.2009 (2010).","journal-title":"J Appl. Physiol. (1985) Oct."},{"issue":"6","key":"50652_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10375","volume":"27","author":"PW Hodges","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hodges, P. W., Pengel, L. H., Herbert, R. D. & Gandevia, S. C. Measurement of muscle contraction with ultrasound imaging. Muscle Nerve Jun. 27 (6), 682\u2013692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.10375 (2003).","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve Jun"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-50652-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-50652-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-50652-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T22:27:59Z","timestamp":1782167279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-50652-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["50652"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-50652-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Mahidol University Institutional Review Board (COA No. 2021\/184.0309). All participants provided written informed consent before participation. Clinical trial number: not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants provided written informed consent. The consent stated that all data collected would be used for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19390"}}