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In California, investor-owned utilities (IOUs) have responded to these threats by enacting Public Safety Power Shutoffs (PSPS), which are proactive de-energization of high-risk circuits, to reduce wildfire risk. Although prior research has examined PSPS impacts, little is known about whether physical infrastructure investments have reduced de-energizations on the most frequently affected circuits. This study addresses that gap by evaluating whether circuit-level investments have decreased the frequency or severity of PSPS events in California. We overlay investment and de-energization data at the circuit level to conduct this analysis. Despite limited data for certain investments, early results suggest that these investments are not associated with a reduction in the frequency or severity of de-energizations. Moreover, external wildfire risk factors alone do not seem to explain these patterns, suggesting that internal utility decision-making and other risk factors (e.g., aging infrastructure) play a critical role in which circuits are de-energized. These results underscore the importance of considering alternative investment strategies in physical infrastructure upgrades, like distributed energy resources (DERs), to minimize the impact of de-energizations on the most impacted circuits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-50735-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T09:18:25Z","timestamp":1789118305000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating investments in electricity resilience: evidence from California\u2019s Public Safety Power Shutoff (PSPS) events"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maham","family":"Furqan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Pescaroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"50735_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-016-2186-3","volume":"82","author":"G Pescaroli","year":"2016","unstructured":"G. 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