{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T21:41:09Z","timestamp":1789767669963,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012997","name":"Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012997","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Indoor air pollution, especially in pharmaceutical laboratories, poses significant health risks due to the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene, toluene, acetophenone, and benzaldehyde. This study evaluates the efficiency of air phytoremediation technology using four ornamental plant species,\n                    <jats:italic>Cordyline fruticosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Syngonium podophyllum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Epipremnum aureum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Chlorophytum comosum<\/jats:italic>\n                    to improve Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) by acting as Plant-Based Bio-Filters (PBBFs) in both pot-based and green wall configurations. VOC concentrations were monitored in a real pharmaceutical organic laboratory. Morphological and physiological plant traits including total chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), leaf pH, ascorbic acid concentration, stomatal density, and cuticle wax content were evaluated. Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and dust-capturing potential were calculated to assess the resilience and effectiveness of each species under VOCs exposure. Chemometric tools Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied to identify species with superior removal efficiency and to explore the relationship between plant traits and VOC uptake. Among the studied species,\n                    <jats:italic>Cordyline fruticosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    demonstrated the highest removal efficiency for VOCs (87.50%), CO (88.23%), and CO\u2082 (36.78%), as well as the highest APTI (14.76%), stomatal density (94.34 stomata\/mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), and chlorophyll content.\n                    <jats:italic>Syngonium podophyllum<\/jats:italic>\n                    also showed up to 100% removal of particulate matter (PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    and PM\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and performed effectively in CO (70.58%) and CO\u2082 (31.27%) reduction. Multivariate analysis confirmed that plants with higher physiological resilience and morphological surface complexity had significantly greater phytoremediation capacity. This study demonstrate the potential of PBBFs, especially using\n                    <jats:italic>Cordyline fruticosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Syngonium podophyllum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , as a viable, cost-effective, and sustainable approach to mitigate indoor VOCs and improve air quality in pharmaceutical labs. The findings support integrating ornamental plants into indoor environment as a natural solution for IAQ management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-50763-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T08:45:56Z","timestamp":1779525956000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Integrating multivariate analysis and Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) to evaluate four ornamental plants for sustainable indoor air phytoremediation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Safinaz M.","family":"Elhadad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shalaby","family":"ea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim H.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Y.","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"50763_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12040473","volume":"12","author":"S Bandehali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bandehali, S. et al. Current state of indoor air phytoremediation using potted plants and green walls. Atmosphere 12(4), 473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos12040473 (2021).","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"50763_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elhadad, S. M., Shalaby, E. A., Saleh, I. H., & Omar, M. Y. Comparative evaluation of air phytoremediation potential of four ornamental potted plants for ecofriendly biofilter applications.\u00a0Scientific Reports. (2025)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-30145-8"},{"issue":"6","key":"50763_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.3390\/catal10060668","volume":"10","author":"L Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou, L. et al. Development of pharmaceutical VOCs elimination by catalytic processes in China. Catalysts 10(6), 668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/catal10060668 (2020).","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"50763_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-89874-4.00003-0","volume-title":"Phytoremediation","author":"A Banerjee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Banerjee, A., Cardozo, S., Khuntia, S. P. & Upadhyay, A. K. Phytoremediation of pharmaceutical wastes. In Phytoremediation (eds Bhat, R. F. et al.) 387\u2013414 (Elsevier, 2022)."},{"key":"50763_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-014-0285-4","volume":"8","author":"H Gawro\u0144ska","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gawro\u0144ska, H. & Bakera, B. Phytoremediation of particulate matter from indoor air by Chlorophytum comosum L. plants. Air Qual. Atmos. Health 8, 265\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11869-014-0285-4 (2015).","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"issue":"13","key":"50763_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6632","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b04113","volume":"50","author":"M Limmer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Limmer, M. & Burken, J. Phytovolatilization of organic contaminants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50(13), 6632\u20136643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5b04113 (2016).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"50763_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.32526\/ennrj\/19\/2020110","volume":"19","author":"VN Roi-et","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roi-et, V. N. & Chaikasem, S. Potential of passive sampling and plant absorption to quantify inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds. Environ. Nat. Resour. J. 19(1), 43\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32526\/ennrj\/19\/2020110 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Nat. Resour. J."},{"key":"50763_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.11628\/ksppe.2020.23.6.637","volume":"23","author":"NR Jeong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jeong, N. R., Kim, K. J., Yoon, J. H., Han, S. W. & You, S. Evaluation on the potential of 18 species of indoor plants to reduce particulate matter. J. People Plants Environ 23, 637\u2013646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11628\/ksppe.2020.23.6.637 (2020).","journal-title":"J. People Plants Environ"},{"key":"50763_CR9","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"A Ranjbar-Fordoei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ranjbar-Fordoei, A. Impact of aeolian dust on leaf biochemical and biophysical attributes of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.): A case study for the Kashan (central Iran) pistachio orchards. J. Crop Prod. Process. 8, 1\u201310 (2018) ([in Persian with English abstract]).","journal-title":"J. Crop Prod. Process."},{"key":"50763_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.04.016","volume":"57","author":"C Treesubsuntorn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Treesubsuntorn, C. & Thiravetyan, P. Removal of benzene from indoor air by Dracaena sanderiana: Effect of wax and stomata. Atmospheric Environ 57, 317\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.04.016 (2012).","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environ"},{"key":"50763_CR11","first-page":"133","volume":"1","author":"E Daningsih","year":"2021","unstructured":"Daningsih, E. Analysis of stomatal number and size in six species of monocotiledon plants. EPiC Ser. Biol. Sci. 1, 133\u2013142 (2021).","journal-title":"EPiC Ser. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"50763_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-025-14312-y","volume":"197","author":"J Singh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Singh, J. et al. Spatio-temporal analysis of air quality in high traffic density zones of Haridwar City, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 197(8), 889 (2025).","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"50763_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108595","volume":"208","author":"M Mannan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mannan, M. & Al-Ghamdi, S. G. Investigating environmental life cycle impacts of active living wall for improved indoor air quality. Build. Environ. 208, 108595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108595 (2022).","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"50763_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.15.3.4650-4654","volume":"15","author":"B Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Cao, D. & Zhu, S. Use of plants to clean polluted air: A potentially effective and low-cost phytoremediation technology. Bioresour. 15(3), 4650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15376\/biores.15.3.4650-4654 (2020).","journal-title":"Bioresour."},{"issue":"1","key":"50763_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-023-09644-5","volume":"22","author":"S Matheson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matheson, S., Fleck, R., Irga, P. & Torpy, F. Phytoremediation for the indoor environment: a state-of-the-art review. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 22(1), 249\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11157-023-09644-5 (2023).","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"50763_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003279563-11","volume-title":"Nanotechnology for Environmental Pollution Decontamination","author":"V Dawane","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dawane, V. et al. Nanobiosensors containing noncarbon-based nanomaterials to assess environmental pollution levels. In Nanotechnology for Environmental Pollution Decontamination (eds Tonelli, F. M. et al.) 219\u2013262 (Apple Academic Press, 2022)."},{"key":"50763_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.01.078","volume":"197","author":"H Teiri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Teiri, H., Pourzamani, H. & Hajizadeh, Y. Phytoremediation of VOCs from indoor air by ornamental potted plants: a pilot study using a palm species under the controlled environment. Chemosphere 197, 375\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.01.078 (2018).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"3","key":"50763_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.15446\/acag.v69n3.69401","volume":"69","author":"TN Martin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Martin, T. N. et al. ImageJ software as an alternative method for estimating leaf area in oats. Acta Agron\u00f3mica 69(3), 162\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15446\/acag.v69n3.69401 (2020).","journal-title":"Acta Agron\u00f3mica"},{"issue":"4","key":"50763_CR19","first-page":"295","volume":"3","author":"N Sa\u2019idah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sa\u2019idah, N. et al. Air pollution tolerance of several species of trees in the Petrochemical Industry Area using air polution tollerance index (APTI) method. Int. J. Life Sci. Agric. Res. 3(4), 295\u2013302 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Sci. Agric. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"50763_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s42834-020-00076-2","volume":"31","author":"S Shrestha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shrestha, S., Baral, B., Dhital, N. B. & Yang, H. H. Assessing air pollution tolerance of plant species in vegetation traffic barriers in Kathmandu Valley Nepal. Sustain. Environ. Res. 31(1), 3 (2021).","journal-title":"Sustain. Environ. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"50763_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2018.09.0334","volume":"19","author":"T Wannomai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wannomai, T., Kemacheevakul, P. & Thiravetyan, P. Removal of trimethylamine from indoor air using potted plants under light and dark conditions. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 19(5), 1105\u20131113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4209\/aaqr.2018.09.0334 (2019).","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"50763_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-005-1552-2","volume":"222","author":"A Richardson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Richardson, A. et al. Cuticular wax deposition in growing barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaves commences in relation to the point of emergence of epidermal cells from the sheaths of older leaves. Planta 222, 472\u2013483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00425-005-1552-2 (2005).","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"50763_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcata.2023.119128","volume":"656","author":"A Taheri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Taheri, A. & Hamzehlouyan, T. Effect of hydrothermal aging on CO and C3H6 oxidation over a Pt-Pd-based wiremesh catalyst as a motorcycle aftertreatment device. Appl. Catal. A. Gen. 656, 119128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apcata.2023.119128 (2023).","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. A. Gen."},{"issue":"11","key":"50763_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su13116393","volume":"13","author":"GP Su\u00e1rez-C\u00e1ceres","year":"2021","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez-C\u00e1ceres, G. P. & P\u00e9rez-Urrestarazu, L. Removal of volatile organic compounds by means of a felt-based living wall using different plant species. Sustainability 13(11), 6393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13116393 (2021).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"50763_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phanu.2025.100448","author":"MB El Caid","year":"2025","unstructured":"El Caid, M. B. et al. Neuroprotective potential of saffron metabolites in Parkinson\u2019s disease. PharmaNutrition https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phanu.2025.100448 (2025).","journal-title":"PharmaNutrition"},{"key":"50763_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben El Caid, M., Singab, A. N. B., El Asri, O., Ait Hammou, R., Ait Haddou, M., Ramteke, V., & Menaa, F. Natural bioactive compounds for sustainable crop disease control.\u00a0European Journal of Plant Pathology, 1-21. (2026)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658-026-03197-3"},{"key":"50763_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2022.102457","volume":"44","author":"R Ait Hammou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ait Hammou, R. et al. Establishment of argan tree plantlets (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) grown from generative and vegetative propagation under different watering regimes at the nursery stage. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 44, 102457 (2022).","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"7","key":"50763_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.22159\/ijpps.2017v9i7.18447","volume":"9","author":"AA Tak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tak, A. A. & Kakde, U. B. Assessment of air pollution tolerance index of plants: A comparative study. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 9(7), 83\u201389 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"issue":"23","key":"50763_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18881","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9500-9","volume":"24","author":"M Kaur","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaur, M. & Nagpal, A. K. Evaluation of air pollution tolerance index and anticipated performance index of plants and their application in development of green space along the urban areas. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 24(23), 18881\u201318895 (2017).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"50763_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.139799","volume":"340","author":"S Rossini-Oliva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rossini-Oliva, S. et al. Potentially toxic elements capture by an active living wall in indoor environments: Effect of species in air phytoremediation. Chemosphere 340, 139799 (2023).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"2","key":"50763_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9673(96)00038-6","volume":"734","author":"A G\u00f3rna-Binkul","year":"1996","unstructured":"G\u00f3rna-Binkul, A., Keymeulen, R., Van Langenhove, H. & Buszewski, B. Determination of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fruit and vegetables by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 734(2), 297\u2013302 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"50763_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-023-01326-z","author":"R Kumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumar, R. et al. A systematic review on mitigation of common indoor air pollutants using plant-based methods: a phytoremediation approach. Air Qual. Atmos. Health https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11869-023-01326-z (2023).","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"50763_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.131.4.452","volume":"131","author":"MH Yoo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yoo, M. H., Kwon, Y. J., Son, K. C. & Kays, S. J. Efficacy of indoor plants for the removal of single, mixed volatile organic pollutants, physiological effects of the volatiles on the plants. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 131(4), 452\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21273\/JASHS.131.4.452 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"50763_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-019-0175-9","volume":"30","author":"BE Cummings","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cummings, B. E. & Waring, M. S. Potted plants do not improve indoor air quality: a review and analysis of reported VOC removal efficiencies. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 30(2), 253\u2013261 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"50763_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113860","volume":"301","author":"Y Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han, Y. et al. Plant-based remediation of air pollution: a review. J. Environ. Manage. 301, 113860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113860 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"50763_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2022.100312","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. et al. Overview of particulate air pollution and human health in China: evidence, challenges, and opportunities. Innovation https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xinn.2022.100312 (2022).","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"key":"50763_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-018-0628-7","volume":"12","author":"T Pettit","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pettit, T., Irga, P. & Torpy, F. The in situ pilot-scale phytoremediation of airborne VOCs and particulate matter with an active green wall. Air Qual. Atmos. Health 12, 33\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11869-018-0628-7 (2019).","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"50763_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian X, Wei S, Mavrogianni A, et al. The effectiveness of potted plants in improving indoor air quality: A comparison between chamber and field studies. (2023)","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202339601023"},{"issue":"1","key":"50763_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/14620316.2002.11511467","volume":"77","author":"RA Wood","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wood, R. A. et al. Potted-plant\/growth media interactions and capacities for removal of volatiles from indoor air. J. Horticultur. Sci. Biotechnol. 77(1), 120\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14620316.2002.11511467 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Horticultur. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"50763_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.02.009","volume":"222","author":"HB Quesada","year":"2019","unstructured":"Quesada, H. B. et al. Surface water pollution by pharmaceuticals and an alternative of removal by low-cost adsorbents: a review. Chemosphere 222, 766\u2013780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.02.009 (2019).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"1","key":"50763_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsbe.2012.07.005","volume":"1","author":"Y Yau","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yau, Y., Chew, B. & Saifullah, A. Studies on the indoor air quality of pharmaceutical laboratories in Malaysia. Int. J. Sustain. Buil. Environ. 1(1), 110\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijsbe.2012.07.005 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Buil. Environ."},{"key":"50763_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2016.03.001","volume":"113","author":"W Sriprapat","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sriprapat, W. & Thiravetyan, P. Efficacy of ornamental plants for benzene removal from contaminated air and water: Effect of plant associated bacteria. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 113, 262\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ibiod.2016.03.001 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"issue":"10","key":"50763_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-017-3586-z","volume":"228","author":"V H\u00f6rmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"H\u00f6rmann, V., Brenske, K. R. & Ulrichs, C. Suitability of test chambers for analyzing air pollutant removal by plants and assessing potential indoor air purification. Water Air Soil Pollut. 228(10), 402 (2017).","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"50763_CR44","unstructured":"Paull, N. J., Irga, P. J., & Torpy, F. R. Active green wall technology for the phytoremediation of indoor air pollutants.\u00a0Green Infrastructure: Nature Based Solutions for Sustainable and Resilient Cities. (2017)"},{"key":"50763_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbuil.2021.803516","volume":"7","author":"N Al Qassimi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al Qassimi, N. & Jung, C. Impact of air-purifying plants on the reduction of volatile organic compounds in the indoor hot desert climate. Front. Built Environ. 7, 803516 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Built Environ."},{"key":"50763_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raghda, R. A. E., El-Keiy, T. M., Shalaby, E. A., & Shehata, A. M. Overcoming indoor air pollutants by using wall gardens-carbon dioxide study case. (2018)","DOI":"10.21608\/alexja.2018.82446"},{"key":"50763_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2503\/hortj.CH-114","volume":"84","author":"Y-M Su","year":"2015","unstructured":"Su, Y.-M. & Lin, C.-H. Removal of indoor carbon dioxide and formaldehyde using green walls by bird nest fern. Horticult. J. 84, 69\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2503\/hortj.CH-114 (2015).","journal-title":"Horticult. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"50763_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326X19882080","volume":"30","author":"IZ Ibrahim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ibrahim, I. Z. et al. Evaluation of common indoor air pollutant reduction by a botanical indoor air biofilter system. Indoor Buil. Environ. 30(1), 7\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1420326X19882080 (2021).","journal-title":"Indoor Buil. Environ."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-50763-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-50763-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-50763-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T08:54:18Z","timestamp":1779526458000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-50763-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["50763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-50763-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"16013"}}