{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T05:09:16Z","timestamp":1779080956235,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017160","name":"Beni Suef University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017160","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Valorization of adsorbent spent is a modern trend to maximize the utilization of absorption waste. Analytical methods, inclusive Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), were applied to evaluate the adsorbent spent (Zn-Co-Fe\/LDH @ heavy metal). We examined the mechanistic toxicological effects of heavy metals within an animal model (rats) via probit analysis to evaluate the safety and acute toxicity of the spent adsorbent. The acute toxicity was evaluated and documented for 24\u00a0h, and it persisted for 14\u00a0days. A diverse multitude of toxic impacts on a different of body organs and tissues is the consequence of the bioaccumulation of these heavy metals. The rodents were weighed daily, and a variety of observations, like mortality, injury, behavior, and any indications of disease, were conducted. The safety and toxicological analyses were conducted using Probit analysis. The acute toxicity evaluation revealed varying safety profiles for the spent adsorbents. Zn-Co-Fe\/LDH-As exhibited the lowest level of toxicity with an LD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 370\u00a0mg\/kg and a calculated safe dose of 18.5\u00a0mg\/kg. In contrast, the highest toxicity was observed for Zn-Co-Fe\/LDH-Pb (LD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009103.7\u00a0mg\/kg; safe dose\u2009=\u20095.2\u00a0mg\/kg), followed by Zn-Co-Fe\/LDH-Hg (LD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009204\u00a0mg\/kg; safe dose\u2009=\u200910.2\u00a0mg\/kg). These results quantify the biological risk associated with metal-laden adsorbents and establish the safety benchmarks required for their sustainable valorization. Evaluations of biochemical parameters and hematological analysis were conducted at the conclusion of each investigation. Comparative to the controls, gross findings were obtained from the histopathological examination of the animals\u2019 vital organs, which included the heart, lung, kidney, liver, and stomach. Our safety and toxicological data demonstrated the safety of layered double hydroxide (LDH) efficacy in adsorption, as well as a lower level of toxicity for LDH\/As after adsorption. The iron content within the Zn-Co-Fe\/LDH framework remained structurally integrated; however, the observed hematological alterations suggest a potential interference with iron metabolism or heme synthesis following exposure to heavy-metal laden adsorbents.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-50808-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T03:45:55Z","timestamp":1779075955000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Environmental and sustainable valorization of spent adsorbent: safety and acute toxicity evaluation in rats via probit analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Saher A.","family":"Aita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rehab","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatma I. Abo","family":"El-Ela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esraa G.","family":"Arafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amal","family":"Zaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"50808_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-1995.189646","volume":"21","author":"A Ghorani-Azam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghorani-Azam, A., Riahi-Zanjani, B. & Balali-Mood, M. Effects of air pollution on human health and practical measures for prevention in Iran. J. Res. Med. Sci. 21, 65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1735-1995.189646 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"50808_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595335","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.595335","volume":"11","author":"L Luo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luo, L. et al. Heavy metal contaminations in herbal medicines: determination. comprehensive risk assessments. Front. Pharmacol. 11, 595335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2020.595335 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2 April","key":"50808_CR3","first-page":"80","volume":"4","author":"SR Mousavi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mousavi, S. R., Balali-Mood, M., Riahi-Zanjani, B., Yousefzadeh, H. & Sadeghi, M. Concentrations of mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, arsenic and aluminum in irrigation water wells and wastewaters used for agriculture in Mashhad, northeastern Iran. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 4(2 April), 80\u201386 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"50808_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179785","volume":"987","author":"S Kotnala","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kotnala, S. et al. Impact of heavy metal toxicity on the human health and environment. Sci. Total Environ. 987, 179785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179785 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"50808_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017918013293","volume":"222","author":"S Wang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wang, S. & Shi, X. Molecular mechanisms of metal toxicity and carcinogenesis. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 222, 3\u20139 (2001).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"issue":"10","key":"50808_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.06.005","volume":"195","author":"H Kang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kang, H. et al. The substructure of the endothelial glycocalyx in rat aorta. Am. J. Pathol. 195(10), 1936\u20131958 (2025).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"50808_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-54356-7_1","volume-title":"Arsenic Contamination in the Environment","author":"DK Gupta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gupta, D. K., Tiwari, S., Razafindrabe, B. & Chatterjee, S. Arsenic contamination from historical aspects to the present. In Arsenic Contamination in the Environment 1\u201312 (Springer, 2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-54356-7_1."},{"issue":"14","key":"50808_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20143418","volume":"20","author":"H Mochizuki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mochizuki, H. Arsenic neurotoxicity in humans. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20(14), 3418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20143418 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"50808_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-024-01211-5","volume":"18","author":"AH Ragab","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ragab, A. H., Gumaah, N. F., Elfiky, A. A. & Mubark, M. F. Exploring the sustainable elimination of dye using cellulose nanofbrils- vinyl resin based nanofltration membranes. BMC Chem. 18, 121 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Chem."},{"key":"50808_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2016.10.020","volume":"48","author":"A Sattar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sattar, A. et al. Metabolism and toxicity of arsenicals in mammals. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 48, 214\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.etap.2016.10.020 (2016).","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"50808_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.08.041","volume":"119","author":"AQ Shah","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shah, A. Q. et al. Determination of inorganic arsenic species (As3+ and As5+) in muscle tissues of fish species by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Food Chem. 119(2), 840\u2013844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.08.041 (2010).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"50808_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800086","volume":"117","author":"DE Jacobs","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jacobs, D. E., Wilson, J., Dixon, S. L., Smith, J. & Evens, A. The relationship of housing and population health: a 30-year retrospective analysis. Environ. Health Perspect. 117(4), 597\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.0800086 (2009).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"7","key":"50808_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7453","volume":"113","author":"CLM Joseph","year":"2005","unstructured":"Joseph, C. L. M. et al. Blood lead level and riskofasthma. Environ. Health Perspect. 113(7), 900\u2013904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.7453 (2005).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"5","key":"50808_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2011.00841.x","volume":"110","author":"S Kianoush","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kianoush, S. et al. Comparison of the rapeutic effects of garlic and d-penicillamine in patients with chronic occupational lead poisoning. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 110(5), 476\u2013481 (2012).","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"issue":"2","key":"50808_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2010.06.003","volume":"247","author":"J Kasten-Jolly","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kasten-Jolly, J., Heo, Y. & Lawrence, D. A. Impact of developmental lead exposure on splenic factors. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 247(2), 105\u2013115 (2010).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"50808_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66164","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-35612-9","volume":"31","author":"M Hemdan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hemdan, M. et al. Sustainable synthesis and environmental application of chitosan-Ocimum basilicum leaves-ZnO composite membrane for permanganate ion removal in wastewater treatment. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 31, 66164\u201366183 (2024).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"50808_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2009.06.014","volume":"23","author":"KP Mishra","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mishra, K. P. Lead exposure and its impact on immune system: a review. Toxicol. Vitr. 23(6), 969\u2013972 (2009).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"issue":"9818","key":"50808_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(12)60332-8","volume":"379","author":"TK Burki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Burki, T. K. Nigeria\u2019sleadpoisoningcrisiscould leavea long legacy. Lancet 379(9818), 792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(12)60332-8 (2012).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"50808_CR19","first-page":"30","volume":"38","author":"S Kianoush","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kianoush, S. et al. Clinical toxicological biochemical and hematologic parameters in lead exposed workers of a car battery industry. Iran J. Med. Sci. 38(1), 30 (2013).","journal-title":"Iran J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"50808_CR20","first-page":"327","volume":"53","author":"S Kianoush","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kianoush, S., Sadeghi, M. & Balali-Mood, M. Recent advances in the clinical management of lead poisoning. Acta Med. Iran 53, 327\u2013336 (2015).","journal-title":"Acta Med. Iran"},{"key":"50808_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-005-0051-3","volume":"15","author":"EW Devlin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Devlin, E. W. Acute toxicity, uptake and histopathology of aqueous methyl mercury to fathead minnow embryos. Ecotoxicology 15, 97\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10646-005-0051-3 (2006).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"50808_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2014.955892","volume":"77","author":"EC Pack","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pack, E. C. et al. Effects of environmental temperature change on mercury absorption in aquatic organisms with respect to climate warming. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 77, 1477\u20131490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15287394.2014.955892 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"50808_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1126\/science.181.4096.230","volume":"181","author":"F Bakir","year":"1973","unstructured":"Bakir, F. et al. Methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. Science 181, 230\u2013241 (1973).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"50808_CR24","first-page":"8","volume-title":"Minamata Disease: Methyl Mercury Poisoning in Minamata and Niigata, Japan","author":"TK TsubAki","year":"1977","unstructured":"TsubAki, T. K. & Irukayama, K. Minamata Disease: Methyl Mercury Poisoning in Minamata and Niigata, Japan 8\u201334 (Elsevier Scientific Publ Co, 1977)."},{"key":"50808_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.145511","volume":"474","author":"R Pelalak","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pelalak, R., Hassani, A., Heidari, Z. & Zhou, M. State-of-the-art recent applications of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) material in Fenton-based oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment. Chem. Eng. J. 474, 145511 (2023).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"50808_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-31240-x","volume":"31","author":"MF Mubarak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mubarak, M. F., Selim, H., Hawash, H. B. & Hemdan, M. Flexible, durable, and anti-fouling maghemite copper oxide nanocomposite-based membrane with ultra-high fux and efciency for oil-in-water emulsions separation. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 31, 2297\u20132313 (2024).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"50808_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2024.175151","volume":"1000","author":"MF Mubarak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mubarak, M. F., Khedr, G. E. & El Sharkawy, H. M. Corrigendum to\" environmentally-friendly calcite scale mitigation: encapsulation of CDs@ MS composite within membranes framework for nanofiltration\". J. Alloys Compd. 1000, 175151 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"50808_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02708799","volume":"113","author":"M Rajamathi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rajamathi, M., Thomas, G. S. & Kamath, P. V. The many ways of making anionic clays. J. Chem. Sci. 113, 671\u2013680 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"50808_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2021.103646","volume":"15","author":"R Mahmoud","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mahmoud, R. et al. Novel anti-inflammatory and wound healing controlled released LDH-Curcumin nano composite via intramuscular implantation, in-vivo study. Arab. J. Chem. 15, 103646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arabjc.2021.103646 (2022).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"50808_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.101971","volume":"22","author":"AK El- Sawaf","year":"2024","unstructured":"El- Sawaf, A. K. et al. Green synthesis and characterization of magnetic gamma alumina nanoparticlesfor copper ions adsorption from synthetic wastewater. Results Eng. 22, 101971 (2024).","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"50808_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00437-w","volume":"11","author":"RK Mahmoud","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahmoud, R. K., Taha, M., Zaher, A. & Amin, R. M. Understanding the physicochemical properties of Zn\u2013Fe LDH nanostructure as sorbent material for removing of anionic and cationic dyes mixture. Sci. Rep. 11, 21365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-00437-w (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"50808_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cs15008a","volume":"40","author":"W Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, W., Wang, S., Ma, X. & Gong, J. Recent advances in catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide. Chem. Soc. Rev. 40(7), 3703\u20133727 (2011).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"50808_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8472","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-1659-0","volume":"20","author":"X Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Using biochar for remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals and organic pollutants. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 20, 8472\u20138483 (2013).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"50808_CR34","first-page":"109","volume":"11","author":"JA Smith","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smith, J. A., Rahman, M. L. & Chen, Y. Advanced layered double hydroxides (LDHs) for the efficient removal of arsenic, lead, and mercury from industrial wastewater: mechanisms and adsorption kinetics. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 11(3), 109\u2013125 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"50808_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-025-02390-9","volume":"15","author":"SA Aita","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aita, S. A., Mahmoud, R., Hafez, S. H. & Zaher, A. Investigating adsorption of aqueous heavy metals through isotherms and kinetics with Zn-Co-Fe\/LDH for remarkable removal efficiency. Appl. Water Sci. 15(4), 75 (2025).","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"key":"50808_CR36","volume-title":"Guidance document on acute oral toxicity testing 420","author":"Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)","year":"2008","unstructured":"Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Guidance document on acute oral toxicity testing 420 (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2008)."},{"key":"50808_CR37","first-page":"35","volume":"2000","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2000","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). General Guidelines for methodologies on research and evaluation of traditional medicine; WHO: Geneva. Switzerland 2000, 35 (2000).","journal-title":"Switzerland"},{"key":"50808_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joad.2015.05.001","volume":"4","author":"N Das","year":"2015","unstructured":"Das, N., Goshwami, D., Hasan, M., Sharif, R. & Zahir, S. Evaluation of acute and subacute toxicity induced by methanol extract of Terminalia citrina leaves in Sprague Dawley rats. J. Acute Dis. 4, 316\u2013321 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Acute Dis."},{"issue":"14","key":"50808_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-024-05279-w","volume":"81","author":"AK El- Sawaf","year":"2024","unstructured":"El- Sawaf, A. K., Nassar, A. A., El Fiky, A. A. & Mubarak, F. M. Advanced microcrystalline nanocellulose-based nanofiltration membranes for the efficient treatment of wastewater contaminated with cationic dyes. Polym. Bull. 81(14), 12451\u201312476 (2024).","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"50808_CR40","volume-title":"Probit Analysis","author":"DJ Finney","year":"1971","unstructured":"Finney, D. J. Probit Analysis 3 ed. (University Press, 1971).","edition":"3 ed."},{"key":"50808_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-57-14776","volume":"57","author":"CL Miller","year":"1944","unstructured":"Miller, C. L. & Tainter, M. L. Estimation of LD50 and its error by means of log-probit graph paper. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 57, 261\u2013264 (1944).","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"50808_CR42","first-page":"177","volume":"41","author":"MB Aramba\u0161i","year":"1991","unstructured":"Aramba\u0161i, M. B., Kondi, S., Piti, L. J. & Stojanovi, M. Review of some mathematical statistical methods for processing toxicological- pharmacological experimental results. Acta Pharm. Jugosl. 41(3), 177\u2013190 (1991).","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Jugosl."},{"issue":"3","key":"50808_CR43","first-page":"184","volume":"21","author":"MA Randhawa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Randhawa, M. A. Calculation of LD50 values from the method of Miller and Tainter, 1944. J. Ayub Med. Coll. Abbottabad. 21(3), 184\u2013185 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Ayub Med. Coll. Abbottabad."},{"key":"50808_CR44","first-page":"218","volume-title":"Osnovne statisti ke metode za. nematemati are","author":"B Petz","year":"1981","unstructured":"Petz, B. Razlika izme\u00f0u dva koeficijenta korelacije r. In Osnovne statisti ke metode za. nematemati are 218\u2013219 (SNL, 1981)."},{"key":"50808_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joad.2015.08.006","volume":"5","author":"J Mobolaji","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mobolaji, J., Muhammad, H. L., Makun, A. H., Busari, B. M. & Abdullah, S. A. Acute and subacute toxicity studies of aqueous and methanol extracts of Nelsonia campestris in rats. J. Acute Dis. 5, 62\u201370 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Acute Dis."},{"key":"50808_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuet, P.K., Darah, I., Chen, Y., Sreeramanan, S., & Sasidharan, S. Acute and subchronic toxicity study of Euphorbia hirta L. methanol extract in rats. Biomed. Res. Int. 182064\u2013182071 (2013).","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/182064"},{"key":"50808_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2015.01.007","volume":"2","author":"P Bigoniya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bigoniya, P., Sahu, T. & Tiwari, V. Hematological and biochemical effects of sub-chronic artesunate exposure in rats. Toxicol. Rep. 2, 280\u2013288 (2015).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"50808_CR48","first-page":"24","volume-title":"Practical Hematology","author":"SJV Dacie","year":"1984","unstructured":"Dacie, S. J. V. & Lewis, S. M. Practical Hematology 24\u201345 (Churchill Livingstone, 1984)."},{"issue":"2","key":"50808_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.03.041","volume":"108","author":"BV Ghule","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ghule, B. V., Murugananthan, G., Nakhat, P. D. & Yeole, P. G. Immunostimulant effects of Capparis zeylanica Linn. leaves. J. Ethnopharmacol. 108(2), 311\u2013315 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"50808_CR50","volume-title":"Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques","author":"JD Bancroft","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bancroft, J. D. Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques 6th Edn. (Elsevier Heal Sci., 2008).","edition":"6th Edn."},{"key":"50808_CR51","unstructured":"Snedecor, G. W. C., & William, G. Statistical methods\/george w, Snedecor William g. Cochran. (1989)."},{"key":"50808_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b00110","volume":"138","author":"L Ma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ma, L. et al. Highly selective and efficient removal of heavy metals by layered double hydroxide intercalated with the MoS42- ion. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138, 2858\u20132866 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"50808_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2019.02.059","volume":"543","author":"H Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Li, G., Deng, L., Zeng, H. & Z. Shi, Z. Heterogeneous activation of hydrogen peroxide by cysteine intercalated layered double hydroxide for degradation of organic pollutants: Performance and mechanism. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 543, 183\u2013191 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"50808_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Yan, L., Li, J., & Yu, H. Adsorption of heavy metals by L-cysteine intercalated layered double hydroxide: Kinetic, isothermal and mechanistic studies, J Colloid Interface Sci. (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2019.12.028"},{"key":"50808_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10109","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b02537","volume":"51","author":"H Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu, H. et al. [MoS4]2- cluster bridges in Co-Fe layered double hydroxides for mercury uptake from S-Hg mixed flue gas. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 10109\u201310116 (2017).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2012","key":"50808_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.04.032","volume":"46","author":"O Hakami","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hakami, O., Zhang, Y. & Banks, C. J. Thiol-functionalised mesoporous silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles for high efficiency removal and recovery of Hg from water. Water Res. 46(2012), 3913\u20133922 (2012).","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"2015","key":"50808_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11815","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b01159","volume":"7","author":"S Kabiri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kabiri, S., Tran, D. N., Azari, S. & Losic, D. Graphene-diatom silica aerogels for efficient removal of mercury ions from water. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7(2015), 11815\u201311823 (2015).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"2","key":"50808_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1007\/s11814-015-0170-3","volume":"33","author":"M Khitous","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khitous, M., Salem, Z. & Halliche, D. Sorption of Cr(VI) by MgAl-NO3 hydrotalcite in fixed-bed column: experiments and prediction of breakthrough curves. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 33(2), 638\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11814-015-0170-3 (2015).","journal-title":"Korean J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"50808_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-017-3597-9","volume":"229","author":"H Zhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhou, H., Jiang, Z., Wei, S. & Liang, J. Adsorption of Cd (II) from aqueous solutions by a novel layered double hydroxide FeMnMg-LDH. Water Air Soil Pollut. 229, 1\u201316 (2018).","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"50808_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arafa, E. G., Mahmoud, R., Gadelhak, Y., & Gawad, O. F. A. Design, preparation, and performance of different adsorbents based on carboxymethyl chitosan\/sodium alginate hydrogel beads for selective adsorption of Cadmium (II) and Chromium (III) metal ions.\u00a0Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 132809 \u200f (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.132809"},{"issue":"34","key":"50808_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47651","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13685-0","volume":"28","author":"H Awes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Awes, H. et al. Removal of Cu2+ metal ions from water using Mg-Fe layered double hydroxide and Mg-Fe LDH\/5-(3-nitrophenyllazo)-6-aminouracil nanocomposite for enhancing adsorption properties. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 28(34), 47651\u201347667 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"50808_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.05.110","volume":"68","author":"SA Moaty","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moaty, S. A., Farghali, A. A. & Khaled, R. Preparation, characterization and antimicrobial applications of Zn-Fe LDH against MRSA. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 68, 184\u2013193 (2016).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"50808_CR63","first-page":"6878e83","volume":"3","author":"C Qiao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Qiao, C. et al. One-step synthesis of zincecobalt layered double hydroxide (ZneCo-LDH) nanosheets for high-efficiency oxygen evolution reaction. J. Mater. Chem. 3, 6878e83 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"50808_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10280","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA01203H","volume":"2","author":"S Ma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ma, S. et al. Highly selective and efficient heavy metal capture with polysulfide intercalated layered double hydroxides. J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 10280\u201310289 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"50808_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12256","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-07750-3","volume":"27","author":"A Zaher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zaher, A., Taha, M., Farghali, A. A. & Mahmoud, R. K. Zn\/Fe LDH as a clay-like adsorbent for the removal of oxytetracycline from water: Combining experimental results and molecular simulations to understand the removal mechanism. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27, 12256\u201312269 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"50808_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2021.103052","volume":"14","author":"R Soltani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soltani, R., Pelalak, R., Pishnamazi, M., Marjani, A. & Shirazian, S. A water-stable functionalized NiCo-LDH\/MOF nanocomposite: Green synthesis, characterization, and its environmental application for heavy metals adsorption. Arab. J. Chem. 14(4), 103052 (2021).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"50808_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-009-0835-0","volume":"14","author":"H An","year":"2010","unstructured":"An, H., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Li, N. & Zheng, L. The preparation of PANI\/CA composite electrode material for supercapacitors and its electrochemical performance. J. Solid State Electrochem. 14, 651\u2013657 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"50808_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7989","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.2c00753","volume":"38","author":"S Shimizu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shimizu, S. & Matubayasi, N. Surface area estimation: Replacing the Brunauer\u2013Emmett\u2013Teller model with the statistical thermodynamic fluctuation theory. Langmuir 38, 7989\u20138002 (2022).","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"50808_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1134\/S2070205118040159","volume":"54","author":"ES Zaitseva","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zaitseva, E. S. & Tovbin, Y. K. Nnunoiform surfaces and the inflection point in polylayer adsorption isotherms. Prot. Met. Phys. Chem. Surf. 54, 557\u2013564 (2018).","journal-title":"Prot. Met. Phys. Chem. Surf."},{"key":"50808_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zini. (2011). Chapter 16 - Abnormalities in leukocyte morphology and number, (Eds.): Anna, Porwit, Jeffrey, McCullough, Wendy, N., Erber. Blood and bone marrow pathology (Second edition), Churchill Livingstone, 247\u2013261, ISBN: 9780702031472,https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-7020-3147-2.00016-X( https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B978070203147200016X).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-3147-2.00016-X"},{"key":"50808_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Altomare, Craig Y. Y., & Kessler, M. Thrombocytosis: essential thrombocythemia and reactive causes,(Eds): Craig, S. Kitchens, Craig, M., Kessler, Barbara, A., Konkle, Michael, B., Streiff, David, A., Garcia, Consultative hemostasis & thrombosis (Fourth edition), Elsevier, 346\u2013373, ISBN 9780323462020,https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-323-46202-0.00019-4. (https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780323462020000194) (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-46202-0.00019-4"},{"key":"50808_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.2741\/2853","volume":"13","author":"Y Kobayashi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kobayashi, Y. The role of chemokines in neutrophil biology. Front. Biosci. 13, 2400\u20137 (2008).","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"50808_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3399","volume":"13","author":"E Kolaczkowska","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kolaczkowska, E. & Kubes, P. Neutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammation. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 13(3), 159\u2013175 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"50808_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balali-Mood M., Naseri K., Tahergorabi Z., Khazdair MR., & Sadeghi M. (2021). Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic JOURNAL=Frontiers in Pharmacology 12 URL= https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.643972OI=10.3389\/fphar.2021.643972ISSN=1663-9812.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.643972"},{"key":"50808_CR75","unstructured":"Clarke, E. G. C., & Clarke, M. L. Veterinary toxicology. Bailliere Tindall. (1975)."},{"key":"50808_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-015-0742-5","volume":"10","author":"AU Kura","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kura, A. U. et al. Acute oral toxicity and biodistribution study of zinc-aluminium-levodopa nanocomposite. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 10, 1\u201311 (2015).","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"issue":"2018","key":"50808_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18263","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b02532","volume":"3","author":"MP Figueiredo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Figueiredo, M. P. et al. Iron-based layered double hydroxide implants: Potential drug delivery carriers with tissue biointegration promotion and blood microcirculation preservation. ACS Omega 3(2018), 18263\u201318274 (2018).","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"50808_CR78","volume":"3","author":"IL Medintz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Medintz, I. L., Mattoussi, H. & Clapp, A. R. Potential clinical applications of quantum dots. Int. J. Nanomed. 3, 151 (2008).","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"issue":"2","key":"50808_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2174\/138161209787002870","volume":"15","author":"P Debbage","year":"2009","unstructured":"Debbage, P. Targeted drugs and nanomedicine: Present and future. Curr. Pharm. Des. 15(2), 153\u2013172 (2009) (2009).","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"50808_CR80","first-page":"274","volume":"106","author":"D Scheurich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Scheurich, D. & Woeltje, K. Skin and soft tissue infections due to CA-MRSA. Mo. Med. 106, 274\u2013276 (2009).","journal-title":"Mo. Med."},{"key":"50808_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019854327540","volume":"19","author":"AIV Behrens","year":"2002","unstructured":"Behrens, A. I. V., Pena, M. J., Alonso, T. & Kissel,. Comparative uptake studies of bioadhesive and non-bioadhesive nanoparticles in human intestinal cell lines and rats: the effect of mucus on particle adsorption and transport. Pharm. Res. 19, 1185\u20131193 (2002).","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"50808_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3233\/CBM-2009-0578","volume":"5","author":"T Islam","year":"2009","unstructured":"Islam, T. & Harisinghani, M. G. Overview of nanoparticle use in cancer imaging. Cancer Biomark. 5, 61\u201367 (2009).","journal-title":"Cancer Biomark."},{"key":"50808_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.11.002","volume":"61","author":"SK Lai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lai, S. K., Wang, Y. Y. & Hanes, J. Mucus-penetrating nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to mucosal tissues. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 61, 158\u2013171 (2009).","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"50808_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/628381","author":"Y Jin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jin, Y., Hea-Eun, C. & Soo-Jin, C. Acute Oral toxicity and kinetic behaviors of inorganic layered nanoparticles. J. Nanomater. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/628381 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"issue":"16","key":"50808_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5467","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16155467","volume":"2023","author":"DO Govea-Alonso","year":"2023","unstructured":"Govea-Alonso, D. O. et al. Assessing the adjuvant effect of layered double hydroxides (LDH) on BALB\/c rat. Mater. 2023(16), 5467 (2023).","journal-title":"Mater."},{"key":"50808_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Manda Damasceno Le\u00e3o, da Silva J. R., Agostini J. F., Dal Santo G., Vieira L. D., Neto J. D. C. S., Ramos K. R. D. L. P., da Silva T. G., Alvarez-Lorenzo C., Wanderley A. G., & Soares-Sobrinho J. L., Efficacy and safety of nanoparticles of glibenclamide and organomodified layered double hydroxides in diabetics https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.122678 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.122678"},{"key":"50808_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2024.110874","volume":"391","author":"MA De Ara\u00fajo","year":"2024","unstructured":"De Ara\u00fajo, M. A. et al. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as efficient and safe carriers for miRNA inhibitors: In vitro and in vivo assessment of biocompatibility. Chem. Biol. Interact. 391, 110874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2024.110874 (2024).","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"issue":"8","key":"50808_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-0080313-y","volume":"82","author":"D Betersmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Betersmann, D. & Hartwig, A. Carcinogenic metal compounds: Recent insight into molecular and cellular mechanisms. Arch. Toxicol. 82(8), 493\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-0080313-y (2008).","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-50808-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-50808-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-50808-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T05:02:15Z","timestamp":1779080535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-50808-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["50808"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-50808-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The authors confirm: That the work described has not been published before. That it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. That its publication has been approved by all co-authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Beni-Suef University (BSU-IACUC). This study was designed, performed, and reported in strict accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0 (Animal Research: Reporting of in Vivo Experiments) for the care and use of laboratory animals. Sample Size Justification, Randomization, Blinding and Outcome Measures. All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering and reduce the number of animals used, in compliance with the principles of the 3Rs.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"15333"}}