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Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) provides an integrated measure of cumulative glucocorticoid exposure, allowing investigation of whether diverse prenatal stressors shape maternal cortisol trajectories during pregnancy and postpartum. We analyzed data from a prospective population-based birth cohort from S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. Pregnant women (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009185) were assessed in the third trimester for exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV), emotional responses to pregnancy, and anxiety or depression using standardized instruments (WHO-VAW, MINI). Maternal HCC was quantified from 7\u00a0cm hair segments representing the last four months of pregnancy and the first two postpartum months. We compared cortisol levels across exposure groups using t-tests and Mann\u2013Whitney tests, and estimated longitudinal associations with linear mixed-effects models. Cortisol levels declined significantly from pregnancy to postpartum (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Most prenatal stressors\u2014including psychological IPV, anxiety, depression, and negative emotional responses to pregnancy\u2014were not associated with HCC at individual time points nor in longitudinal models. Acute prenatal physical\/sexual IPV was associated with lower HCC at specific prepartum time points and with lower mean HCC in longitudinal analyses. In this cohort, maternal cortisol biology showed limited sensitivity to most psychosocial stressors during pregnancy. Only acute physical or sexual IPV was associated with reduced cumulative cortisol levels. These findings highlight the specificity of severe interpersonal violence as a biological stressor and underscore the complexity of interpreting cortisol as a biomarker of prenatal stress.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-50811-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T14:36:35Z","timestamp":1777905395000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prenatal stress, intimate partner violence and maternal cortisol trajectories: insights from a prospective birth cohort from S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lukas","family":"Blumrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark V.","family":"Flinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Augusto","family":"Rohde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme Vanoni","family":"Polanczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eur\u00edpedes Constantino","family":"Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra Josefina Ferraz Ellero","family":"Grisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Brentani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre Archanjo","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"50811_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wells, J. 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