{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:36:01Z","timestamp":1787236561127,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Symbiosis International"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Manual harvesting of fenugreek (\n                    <jats:italic>Trigonella foenum-graecum<\/jats:italic>\n                    L.) leaves using sickles requires intensive labor and forces workers to adopt prolonged stooped postures, often resulting in musculoskeletal strain and reduced operational efficiency. To address these limitations, a self-propelled battery-operated leafy vegetable harvester was developed and evaluated under field conditions in fenugreek. Machine performance was assessed using a factorial experimental design with three forward speeds (1.5, 2.0, and 2.5\u00a0km h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), three conveyor driving pulley diameters (50.8, 76.2, and 101.6\u00a0mm), and two cutting heights (50 and 75\u00a0mm). The developed prototype achieved a theoretical field capacity of 0.16\u00a0ha h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    and an effective field capacity of 0.13\u00a0ha h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , resulting in a field efficiency of 81.25%. The machine operated continuously for 6.5\u00a0h on a single battery charge. Performance evaluation indicated a cutting efficiency of 98.1%, harvesting efficiency of 97.15%, and a conveying loss of 0.95%. Under a cut-and-come-again harvesting system, agronomic yields were 30.7 q ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    at 31\u00a0days after sowing (DAS), followed by 24.2 q ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 20.3 q ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    at 47 and 61 DAS, respectively. These results demonstrate that the developed battery-operated harvester provides an efficient mechanized solution for fenugreek harvesting, reducing labor drudgery while improving harvesting efficiency and operational productivity. The study highlights the novelty of integrating crop-specific mechanical design with optimized operational parameters to enable efficient mechanized harvesting of fenugreek under a cut-and-come-again production system.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-50874-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T13:37:11Z","timestamp":1787233031000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of operational parameters on performance of a self-propelled battery-operated leafy vegetable harvester for fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kalluri","family":"Praveen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mallepu S. 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