{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:20:32Z","timestamp":1787617232867,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":75,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-51160-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T09:25:05Z","timestamp":1781169905000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing the usefulness of digital contact tracing using real-world contact data"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2252-7332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Gauthier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7997-1739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Nunez-del-Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5252-4728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Alatrista-Salas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassine","family":"Moungla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"51160_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2022.101777","volume":"94","author":"T Yabe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yabe, T., Jones, N. K., Rao, P. S. C., Gonzalez, M. C. & Ukkusuri, S. V. Mobile phone location data for disasters: A review from natural hazards and epidemics. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 94, 101777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2022.101777 (2022).","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"51160_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabc0764","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc0764","volume":"6","author":"N Oliver","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oliver, N. et al. Mobile phone data for informing public health actions across the covid-19 pandemic life cycle. Sci. Adv. 6, eabc0764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abc0764 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"51160_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10060395","author":"M Luo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luo, M. et al. Population mobility and the transmission risk of the covid-19 in Wuhan, China. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi10060395 (2021).","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"51160_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hernando, A., Mateo, D., Bayer, J. & Barrios, I. Radius of gyration as predictor of covid-19 deaths trend with three-weeks offset. medRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.01.30.21250708 (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.30.21250708"},{"key":"51160_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20210092","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2021.0092","volume":"18","author":"L Gauvin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gauvin, L. et al. Socio-economic determinants of mobility responses during the first wave of covid-19 in Italy: From provinces to neighbourhoods. J. R. Soc. Interface 18, 20210092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsif.2021.0092 (2021).","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"51160_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01660-3","volume":"7","author":"C Santana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Santana, C. et al. Covid-19 is linked to changes in the time-space dimension of human mobility. Nat. Hum. Behav. 7, 1729\u20131739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-023-01660-3 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"51160_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s41060-016-0013-2","volume":"2","author":"L Pappalardo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pappalardo, L. et al. An analytical framework to nowcast well-being using mobile phone data. Int. J. Data Sci. Anal. 2, 75\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41060-016-0013-2 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Data Sci. Anal."},{"key":"51160_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124160","volume":"10","author":"S \u0160\u0107epanovi\u0107","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u0160\u0107epanovi\u0107, S., Mishkovski, I., Hui, P., Nurminen, J. K. & Yl\u00e4-J\u00e4\u00e4ski, A. Mobile phone call data as a regional socio-economic proxy indicator. Plos One 10, 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0124160 (2015).","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"51160_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-024-00507-9","volume":"13","author":"AF Zanella","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zanella, A. F., Rubrichi, S., Smoreda, Z. & Fiore, M. Modeling and understanding the impact of covid-19 containment policies on mobile service consumption in French cities. EPJ Data Sci. 13, 68. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-024-00507-9 (2024).","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci."},{"key":"51160_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-02881-1","volume":"11","author":"HA Boz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boz, H. A. et al. Investigating neighborhood adaptability using mobility networks: A case study of the covid-19 pandemic. Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun. 11, 397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41599-024-02881-1 (2024).","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"issue":"1\u201323","key":"51160_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244409","volume":"16","author":"Alatrista-Salas, H., Gauthier, V., Nunez-del Prado, M. & Becker, M. Impact of natural disasters on consumer behavior: Case of the","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alatrista-Salas, H., Gauthier, V., Nunez-del Prado, M. & Becker, M. Impact of natural disasters on consumer behavior: Case of the. el ni\u00f1o phenomenon in peru. Plos One 16(1\u201323), 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0244409 (2017).","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"51160_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pgae377","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae377","volume":"3","author":"AP Muntoni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Muntoni, A. P., Mazza, F., Braunstein, A., Catania, G. & Dall\u2019Asta, L. Effectiveness of probabilistic contact tracing in epidemic containment: The role of superspreaders and transmission path reconstruction. PNAS Nexus 3, pgae377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae377 (2024).","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"key":"51160_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.osnem.2021.100196","volume":"28","author":"L Tonetto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tonetto, L., Adikari, M., Mohan, N., Ding, A. Y. & Ott, J. Contact duration: Intricacies of human mobility. Online Soc. Netw. Med. 28, 100196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.osnem.2021.100196 (2022).","journal-title":"Online Soc. Netw. Med."},{"key":"51160_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabi5499","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abi5499","volume":"8","author":"FW Crawford","year":"2022","unstructured":"Crawford, F. W. et al. Impact of close interpersonal contact on covid-19 incidence: Evidence from 1 year of mobile device data. Sci. Adv. 8, eabi5499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abi5499 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"51160_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2112182119","volume":"119","author":"A Aleta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aleta, A. et al. Quantifying the importance and location of Sars-Cov-2 transmission events in large metropolitan areas. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 119, e2112182119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2112182119 (2022).","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"51160_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/19359","volume":"8","author":"J Abeler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abeler, J., B\u00e4cker, M., Buermeyer, U. & Zillessen, H. Covid-19 contact tracing and data protection can go together. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 8, e19359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/19359 (2020).","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"51160_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8021","volume":"368","author":"J Sills","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sills, J. et al. Aggregated mobility data could help fight covid-19. Science 368, 145\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abb8021 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"51160_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2021.101439","volume":"75","author":"T Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, T. et al. What makes people install a covid-19 contact-tracing app? understanding the influence of app design and individual difference on contact-tracing app adoption intention. Pervasive Mobile Comput. 75, 101439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmcj.2021.101439 (2021).","journal-title":"Pervasive Mobile Comput."},{"key":"51160_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2022.862466","volume":"4","author":"K Oyibo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oyibo, K., Sahu, K. S., Oetomo, A. & Morita, P. P. Factors influencing the adoption of contact tracing applications: Systematic review and recommendations. Front. Digit. Health 4, 862466 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Digit. Health"},{"key":"51160_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shubina, V., Ometov, A. & Simona Lohan, E. Technical perspectives of contact-tracing applications on wearables for covid-19 control. In 2020 12th International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT), 229\u2013235, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICUMT51630.2020.9222246 (2020).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUMT51630.2020.9222246"},{"key":"51160_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ng, P.\u00a0C., Spachos, P., Gregori, S. & Plataniotis, K. Epidemic Exposure Notification with Smartwatch: A Proximity-Based Privacy-Preserving Approach. arXiv e-prints arXiv:2007.04399, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2007.04399 (2020).","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2007.04399"},{"key":"51160_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012802","volume":"21","author":"P Casaburi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Casaburi, P. et al. Resilience of mobility network to dynamic population response across covid-19 interventions: Evidences from Chile. PLOS Comput. Biol. 21, e1012802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012802 (2025).","journal-title":"PLOS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"51160_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.02.019","volume":"242","author":"H-L Quach","year":"2025","unstructured":"Quach, H.-L., Walsh, E. I., Hoang, T. N. A., Terrett, R. N. L. & Vogt, F. Effectiveness of digital contact tracing interventions for covid-19: A systematic scoping review. Public Health 242, 146\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.02.019 (2025).","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"51160_CR24","unstructured":"Covid-19: Gobierno prorroga estado de emergencia sanitaria hasta el 7 de marzo del 2021 (2020)."},{"key":"51160_CR25","unstructured":"Ministerio de Salud del Per\u00fa. Covid 19 en el per\u00fa \u2013 ministerio de salud (2025)."},{"key":"51160_CR26","unstructured":"Johns Hopkins University, Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE). Covid-19 map (2025)."},{"key":"51160_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e11948","volume":"8","author":"KN Cajachagua-Torres","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cajachagua-Torres, K. N. et al. Covid-19 and drivers of excess death rate in Peru: A longitudinal ecological study. Heliyon 8, e11948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e11948 (2022).","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"51160_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1323","volume":"104","author":"A Schwalb","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schwalb, A. & Seas, C. The covid-19 pandemic in Peru: What went wrong?. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hygiene 104, 1176\u20131178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1323 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hygiene"},{"key":"51160_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2743025","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zheng, Y. Trajectory data mining: An overview. ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2743025 (2015).","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol."},{"key":"51160_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pappalardo, L., Simini, F., Barlacchi, G. & Pellungrini, R. 2022 scikit-mobility: A python library for the analysis, generation, and risk assessment of mobility data. Journal of Statistical Software 103, 1\u201338, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v103.i04","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v103.i04"},{"key":"51160_CR31","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Who | Peru (2025). Accessed: 2025-08-25."},{"key":"51160_CR32","unstructured":"QGIS Development Team. Qgis geographic information system. Open-source geographic information system software."},{"key":"51160_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gambs, S., Killijian, M.-O. & del Prado Cortez, M. N.\u00a0n. Show me how you move and i will tell you who you are. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Security and Privacy in GIS and LBS, SPRINGL \u201910, 34\u201341, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1868470.1868479 (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2010).","DOI":"10.1145\/1868470.1868479"},{"key":"51160_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06958","volume":"453","author":"MC Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, M. C., Hidalgo, C. A. & Barab\u00e1si, A.-L. Understanding individual human mobility patterns. Nature 453, 779\u2013782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature06958 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"51160_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037027","volume":"7","author":"A Noulas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Noulas, A., Scellato, S., Lambiotte, R., Pontil, M. & Mascolo, C. A tale of many cities: Universal patterns in human urban mobility. Plos One 7, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0037027 (2012).","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"51160_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-018-0537-7","volume":"8","author":"M Latapy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Latapy, M., Viard, T. & Magnien, C. Stream graphs and link streams for the modeling of interactions over time. Soc. Netw. Anal. Min. 8, 61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13278-018-0537-7 (2018).","journal-title":"Soc. Netw. Anal. Min."},{"key":"51160_CR37","unstructured":"Uber Technologies, Inc. H3: A hexagonal hierarchical geospatial indexing system (2025). Documentaci\u00f3n oficial del sistema H3."},{"key":"51160_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4507","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48909-7","volume":"15","author":"P Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao, P., Wang, H., Liu, Q., Yan, X.-Y. & Li, J. Unravelling the spatial directionality of urban mobility. Nat. Commun. 15, 4507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-48909-7 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"51160_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50918-5","volume":"15","author":"I Iacopini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iacopini, I., Karsai, M. & Barrat, A. The temporal dynamics of group interactions in higher-order social networks. Nat. Commun. 15, 7391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-50918-5 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"51160_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabd5393","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd5393","volume":"7","author":"DB Larremore","year":"2021","unstructured":"Larremore, D. B. et al. Test sensitivity is secondary to frequency and turnaround time for covid-19 screening. Sci. Adv. 7, eabd5393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abd5393 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"51160_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00901-9","volume":"10","author":"C Cheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng, C. et al. The incubation period of covid-19: a global meta-analysis of 53 studies and a Chinese observation study of 11 545 patients. Infect. Dis. Poverty 10, 119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-021-00901-9 (2021).","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"51160_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008052","volume":"16","author":"D Bucur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bucur, D. & Holme, P. Beyond ranking nodes: Predicting epidemic outbreak sizes by network centralities. PLOS Comput. Biol. 16, 1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008052 (2020).","journal-title":"PLOS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"51160_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-35","volume":"11","author":"T Smieszek","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smieszek, T. & Salath\u00e9, M. A low-cost method to assess the epidemiological importance of individuals in controlling infectious disease outbreaks. BMC Med. 11, 35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1741-7015-11-35 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"51160_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-018-0140-1","volume":"7","author":"M G\u00e9nois","year":"2018","unstructured":"G\u00e9nois, M. & Barrat, A. Can co-location be used as a proxy for face-to-face contacts?. EPJ Data Sci. 7, 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-018-0140-1 (2018).","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci."},{"key":"51160_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-7799-1","volume-title":"Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models","author":"L Anselin","year":"1988","unstructured":"Anselin, L. Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models (Springer, Dordrecht, 1988)."},{"key":"51160_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01063-2","volume":"5","author":"B Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang, B. et al. Integrated vaccination and physical distancing interventions to prevent future COVID-19 waves in Chinese cities. Nat. Hum. Behav. 5, 695\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-021-01063-2 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"51160_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.076","volume":"94","author":"D Kang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kang, D., Choi, H., Kim, J.-H. & Choi, J. Spatial epidemic dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 94, 96\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.076 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"51160_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/37.1-2.17","volume":"37","author":"PAP Moran","year":"1950","unstructured":"Moran, P. A. P. Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena. Biometrika 37, 17\u201323 (1950).","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"51160_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x","volume":"27","author":"L Anselin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Anselin, L. Local indicators of spatial association-Lisa. Geogr. Anal. 27, 93\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x (1995).","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"51160_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0016-7363.2005.00671.x","volume":"38","author":"L Anselin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Anselin, L., Syabri, I. & Kho, Y. Geoda: An introduction to spatial data analysis. Geogr. Anal. 38, 5\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0016-7363.2005.00671.x (2006).","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"51160_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LeSage, J. & Pace, R.\u00a0K. Introduction to spatial econometrics (Chapman and Hall\/CRC, 2009).","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420064254"},{"key":"51160_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9787.1996.tb01101.x","volume":"36","author":"L Anselin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Anselin, L. & Smirnov, O. Efficient algorithms for constructing proper higher order spatial lag operators. J. Reg. Sci. 36, 67\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9787.1996.tb01101.x (1996).","journal-title":"J. Reg. Sci."},{"key":"51160_CR53","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Inform\u00e1tica INEI. Planos estratificados de lima metropolitana a nivel de manzanas 2020. https:\/\/www.inei.gob.pe\/media\/MenuRecursivo\/publicaciones_digitales\/Est\/Lib1744\/libro.pdf (2020). Accessed: date-of-access."},{"key":"51160_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1137\/0611032","volume":"11","author":"DP O\u2019Leary","year":"1990","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary, D. P. Robust regression computation using iteratively reweighted least squares. SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 11, 466\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1137\/0611032 (1990).","journal-title":"SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl."},{"key":"51160_CR55","first-page":"109","volume":"15","author":"F Ritchie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ritchie, F. 10 is the safest number that there\u2019s ever been. Transac. Data Privacy 15, 109\u2013140 (2022).","journal-title":"Transac. Data Privacy"},{"key":"51160_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-025-00532-2","volume":"14","author":"L Lucchini","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lucchini, L. et al. Socioeconomic disparities in mobility behavior during the covid-19 pandemic in developing countries. EPJ Data Sci. 14, 25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-025-00532-2 (2025).","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci."},{"key":"51160_CR57","unstructured":"Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, S. & Ross, G. Tracing latin america\u2019s contact tracing. https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/blog-post\/tracing-latin-americas-contact-tracing (2021). Accessed: March 12, 2025."},{"key":"51160_CR58","unstructured":"Comparitech Research Team. Contact-tracing app adoption by country: How many people are willing to compromise on their privacy? https:\/\/www.comparitech.com\/blog\/vpn-privacy\/contact-tracing-app-adoption-by-country\/ (2021). Accessed: March 12, 2025."},{"key":"51160_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1159\/000526672","volume":"31","author":"A Nabeel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nabeel, A., Al-Sabah, S. K. & Ashrafian, H. Digital contact tracing applications against covid-19: A systematic review. Med. Princ. Pract. 31, 424\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000526672 (2022).","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"51160_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E653","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200922","volume":"192","author":"RA Kleinman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kleinman, R. A. & Merkel, C. Digital contact tracing for covid-19. CMAJ 192, E653\u2013E656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.200922 (2020).","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"51160_CR61","unstructured":"Hiperderecho. As\u00ed funciona la aplicaci\u00f3n m\u00f3vil per\u00fa en tus manos: t\u00e9cnica y legalmente (2020)."},{"key":"51160_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2012.11.040","volume":"392","author":"BC Cs\u00e1ji","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cs\u00e1ji, B. C. et al. Exploring the mobility of mobile phone users. Physica A: Stat. Mech. Appl. 392, 1459\u20131473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physa.2012.11.040 (2013).","journal-title":"Physica A: Stat. Mech. Appl."},{"key":"51160_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039253","volume":"7","author":"S Phithakkitnukoon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Phithakkitnukoon, S., Smoreda, Z. & Olivier, P. Socio-geography of human mobility: A study using longitudinal mobile phone data. PLOS ONE 7, 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0039253 (2012).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"51160_CR64","unstructured":"Centro Nacional de Epidemiologia, prevenci\u00f3n y Control de Enfermedades \u2013 MINSA. Fallecidos por covid 19. https:\/\/www.datosabiertos.gob.pe\/dataset\/fallecidos-por-covid-19-ministerio-de-salud-minsa (2020)."},{"key":"51160_CR65","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica INEI. Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO). https:\/\/bit.ly\/3OvQarvCensus datasets (2020)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-51160-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-51160-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-51160-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:36:18Z","timestamp":1787614578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-51160-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["51160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-51160-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7925876\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The present section of the document addresses the critical concerns surrounding data protection and user privacy in the context of the DCT application build under the funding of the National Council of Science and Technology CONCYTEC \u201dSpecial Projects: Response to COVID-19\u201d, through project No 70744: \u201dCOVID: COntrol de VIrus Dinamico\u201d. Given the nature of the application, which collects sensitive information such as personal identifiers, location data, and infection history, ensuring user privacy is paramount. To mitigate these concerns, the DCT tool implements several measures: (1) Upon registration, users\u2019 personal information\u2013including names and ID numbers\u2013is transformed into an anonymized identifier using a SHA-256 hash function. This process aims to protect individual identities while still allowing for effective contact tracing. (2) The application was designed to retain data only to fulfill its public health objectives. This includes location data and contact history, which are crucial for identifying potential exposure risks. (3) Participation in the DCT program is voluntary, requiring explicit consent from users to collect and process their data. Users are informed about what data will be collected and how it will be used, empowering them to make informed decisions. Despite these protective measures, challenges remain regarding public trust and the potential for misuse of collected data. Privacy concerns have been cited as significant barriers to user adoption of DCT technologies. As such, ongoing efforts to educate the public about data security practices and the benefits of participation are essential to enhance user engagement and ensure the effectiveness of the DCT application in managing public health crises.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"26600"}}