{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:10:11Z","timestamp":1791515411423,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007950","name":"Tanta University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The smartphone-based colorimetric approach has emerged as a powerful analytical tool with broad applications, enabling fast and cost-effective measurements, eco-friendly operation with low energy demand, and reasonable analytical performance. In this work, a simple and eco-friendly colorimetric method was developed for the determination of memantine (MEM) in pharmaceutical dosage forms. In this approach, MEM reacts with ascorbic acid to produce a pink-colored product exhibiting two absorption maxima (\u03bb_max) at 386\u00a0nm and 530\u00a0nm. The color response was captured using a smartphone camera and analyzed digitally with ImageJ software, where the extracted color intensity values were correlated with MEM concentration. A conventional spectrophotometric method relying on the absorbance at 386\u00a0nm was also established. Both methods exhibited excellent linearity over the concentration range of 5.0\u201350.0\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL. The smartphone-based method showed a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.45\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 1.36\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, while the spectrophotometric method exhibited a LOD of 0.0615\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL and LOQ of 0.19\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL. The greenness of the methods was evaluated using the newly introduced EPPI tool, a comprehensive metric that assesses greenness, applicability, and analytical performance. The results are presented as pie charts and numerical scores. The total scores for the smartphone and colorimetric approaches were 84.4 and 82.4, respectively, indicating the superiority of the smartphone-based method in terms of sustainability and practical applicability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-51216-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T07:14:15Z","timestamp":1778570055000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Smartphone based colorimetric method for determination of memantine via schiff\u2019s base reaction with ascorbic acid"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Samar H.","family":"Elagamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aya","family":"Barseem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"51216_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1134\/S1061934815030120","volume":"70","author":"I Muszalska","year":"2015","unstructured":"Muszalska, I., Sobczak, A., Kiaszewicz, I., Rabiega, K. & Lesniewska, M. A. Jeli\u0144ska, 1, 2-Naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid sodium salt as a reagent for spectrophotometric determination of rimantadine and memantine. J. Anal. Chem. 70, 320\u2013327 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"51216_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.22159\/ijap.2022v14i2.43924","volume":"14","author":"AH Amin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amin, A. H. et al. Spectrophotometric methods for the quantitative determination of memantine hydrochloride in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations. Int. J. Appl. Pharm. 14, 206\u2013214 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"51216_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.9790\/5736-1002015259","volume":"10","author":"HA Omara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Omara, H. A. & Younis, H. M. Spectrophotometric determination of alzheimer\u2019s drug, memantine hydrochloride in biological samples using ninhydrin and ferric chloride. IOSR J. Appl. Chem. 10, 52\u201359 (2017).","journal-title":"IOSR J. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"51216_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1134\/S1061934822110144","volume":"77","author":"HL Varu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Varu, H. L. et al. An Expeditious Spectrophotometric Estimation of Memantine Hydrochloride by Facile Derivatization Using N, N-Dimethyl Aniline. J. Anal. Chem. 77, 1433\u20131439 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"51216_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayed, R. A., El-Alfy, W., Ismaiel, O. A., El-Mammli, M. Y. & Shalaby, A. Non-extractive spectrophotometric determination of memantine HCl, clomipramine HCl and fluvoxamine maleate in pure form and in pharmaceutical products by ion-pair complex formation with rose bengal. Ann. Pharm. Fran\u00e7aises 79, 375\u2013386 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharma.2020.11.009"},{"key":"51216_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2019.117388","volume":"224","author":"NN Atia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Atia, N. N., Marzouq, M. A., Hassan, A. I. & Eltoukhi, W. E. A new spectrofluorimetric assay for quantification of Amisulpride and Memantine hydrochloride in real human plasma sample and pharmaceutical formulations via Hantzsch reaction, Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 224, 117388 (2020).","journal-title":"Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"51216_CR7","unstructured":"El-Hamamsy, M. H. Factorial analysis optimization of memantine hydrochloride spectrofluorimetric quantitation via derivatization withoff-phthalaldehyde in the absence of thiol. J. Innov. Pharm. Biol. Sci. 4, 176\u2013184. (2017)."},{"key":"51216_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.112523","volume":"208","author":"A Serag","year":"2025","unstructured":"Serag, A. et al. Red-emitting BSA-copper nanocluster probe for sensitive and selective fluorometric determination of memantine HCl: Application to pharmacokinetics monitoring. Microchem J. 208, 112523 (2025).","journal-title":"Microchem J."},{"key":"51216_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27502","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/adad49","volume":"172","author":"EM Moaaz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Moaaz, E. M., Fayed, A. S., Abdel-Moety, E. M. & Rezk, M. R. Molecularly-Imprinted Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Indirect Determination of Memantine: Greenness and Whiteness Assessment. J. Electrochem. Soc. 172, 27502 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"51216_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18475","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA02850G","volume":"15","author":"EM Moaaz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Moaaz, E. M., Fayed, A. S., Abdel-Moety, E. M. & Rezk, M. R. Innovative sensors with selectivity enhancement by molecularly imprinted polymers for the concurrent quantification of donepezil and memantine. RSC Adv. 15, 18475\u201318489 (2025).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"51216_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3482","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.202000592","volume":"43","author":"M Piponski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Piponski, M. et al. Development of a novel, fast, simple, nonderivative HPLC method with direct UV measurement for quantification of memantine hydrochloride in tablets. J. Sep. Sci. 43, 3482\u20133490 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"51216_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17091162","volume":"17","author":"D Nunes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nunes, D., Tavares, T. G., Malcata, F. X., Loureiro, J. A. & Pereira, M. C. Development and Validation of a Simple UV\u2013HPLC Method to Quantify the Memantine Drug Used in Alzheimer\u2019s Treatment. Pharmaceuticals 17, 1162 (2024).","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"51216_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.1648","volume":"26","author":"MG Hassan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hassan, M. G. et al. Determination of memantine in rat plasma by HPLC-fluorescence method and its application to study of the pharmacokinetic interaction between memantine and methazolamide. Biomed. Chromatogr. 26, 214\u2013219 (2012).","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"51216_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prapatpong, P., Techa-In, T., Padungpuak, W., Buranaphalin, S. & Suntornsuk, L. HPLC-fluorescent analysis of memantine: an investigation on fluorescent derivative formation, J. Chem.\u00a02015, 672183. (2015).","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/672183"},{"key":"51216_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.09-133","volume":"96","author":"SEK Tekkeli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tekkeli, S. E. K. & Toker, S. E. A new HPLC method with fluorescence detection for the determination of memantine in human plasma. J. AOAC Int. 96, 52\u201355 (2013).","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"51216_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.17721\/moca.2021.71-80","volume":"16","author":"AV Yegorova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yegorova, A. V. et al. Development and Validation of HPLC-MS Method of Determination of Memantine Hydrochloride for Study of Dissolution Profiles. Methods Objects Chem. Anal. 16, 71\u201380 (2021).","journal-title":"Methods Objects Chem. Anal."},{"key":"51216_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalwadi, S., Thakkar, V., Shah, P. & Patel, K. Optimizing analysis of Donepezil HCl and Memantine HCl using multivariate analysis as a data mining tool in HPTLC methodology, in: Int. Conf. Human-Centric Smart Comput., : pp. 309\u2013321. (2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-7711-6_25"},{"key":"51216_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2024.101789","volume":"42","author":"EM Moaaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moaaz, E. M., Abdel-Moety, E. M., Rezk, M. R. & Fayed, A. S. Smartphone based TLC approach versus conventional densitometric measurement for the simultaneous determination of donepezil and memantine, content uniformity testing along with greenness and whiteness assessment. Sustain. Chem. Pharm. 42, 101789 (2024).","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"51216_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.141026","volume":"462","author":"J Tang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tang, J. et al. Smartphone-assisted colorimetric biosensor for the rapid visual detection of natural antioxidants in food samples. Food Chem. 462, 141026 (2025).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"51216_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X. et al. A smartphone-assisted colorimetric nanoprobe for rapid detection of azodicarbonamide. Microchem J. 218, 115699. (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2025.115699"},{"key":"51216_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2025.144095","volume":"372","author":"E Sultana","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sultana, E. et al. Selective lead ion sensing via cotton pad-based Na2EDTA capped AuNPs: A smartphone-assisted colorimetric method. Chemosphere 372, 144095 (2025).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"51216_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2025.100981","volume":"9","author":"A Saha","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saha, A., Bhakta, S. & Biswas, G. Smart phone-assisted colorimetric detection of iron using Terminalia chebula coated amine functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Next Mater. 9, 100981 (2025).","journal-title":"Next Mater."},{"key":"51216_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2025.112861","volume":"209","author":"S Khan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Khan, S. et al. A smartphone assisted colorimetric sensing platform for the detection of hydrazine at ultra-trace levels in water samples based on the formation of silver nanoparticles. Microchem J. 209, 112861 (2025).","journal-title":"Microchem J."},{"key":"51216_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2548507","DOI":"10.1080\/17518253.2025.2548507","volume":"18","author":"SH Elagamy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elagamy, S. H., Fuente-Ballesteros, A., Hasan Obaydo, R., Mahmoud, H. & Lotfy Eco-friendly and portable sensing: a review of advances in smartphone-integrated optical nanoprobes. Green. Chem. Lett. Rev. 18, 2548507 (2025).","journal-title":"Green. Chem. Lett. Rev."},{"key":"51216_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talo.2025.100438","volume":"11","author":"FAM Abdel-aal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abdel-aal, F. A. M. et al. Selective dual-mode detection of doxycycline using orange carbon dots\/calcium-murexide composite system: From spectroscopic analysis to smartphone-based sensing. Talanta Open. 11, 100438 (2025).","journal-title":"Talanta Open."},{"key":"51216_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s43094-024-00703-4","volume":"10","author":"S Yenduri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yenduri, S. & Prashant, K. N. Estimation of isoniazid by digital image colorimetry: an integration of green chemistry and smartphone technology. Futur J. Pharm. Sci. 10, 128 (2024).","journal-title":"Futur J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"51216_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202500135","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.202500135","volume":"90","author":"Y Bao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bao, Y. et al. Advances in Smartphone-Based Colorimetry and Fluorimetry. Chempluschem 90, e202500135 (2025).","journal-title":"Chempluschem"},{"key":"51216_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1515\/pac-2024-0254","volume":"97","author":"YC Chang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chang, Y. C., Wu, K. H., Wang, J. C. & Huang, W. C. ImageJ and smartphone app chemistry analyzer using image-based colorimetric assay for quantitative detection of melamine. Pure Appl. Chem. 97, 235\u2013244 (2025).","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"51216_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-48962-0","volume":"13","author":"SH Elagamy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elagamy, S. H., Adly, L., Abdel, M. A., Hamid & Image, J. Smartphone based colorimetric approach for quantitative determination of uric acid using Sci. Rep. 13 21888. (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"51216_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70064","DOI":"10.1002\/ansa.70064","volume":"6","author":"A Barseem","year":"2025","unstructured":"Barseem, A., Obaydo, R. H. & Elagamy, S. H. Smartphone-Based Colorimetric Determination of Imeglimin Hydrochloride Using Eosin Y: A Simple and Eco-Friendly Analytical Approach. Anal. Sci. Adv. 6, e70064 (2025).","journal-title":"Anal. Sci. Adv."},{"key":"51216_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2020.108829","volume":"171","author":"Y Fan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fan, Y., Li, J., Guo, Y., Xie, L. & Zhang, G. Digital image colorimetry on smartphone for chemical analysis: A review. Measurement 171, 108829 (2021).","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"51216_CR32","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"ICH","year":"2022","unstructured":"ICH, ICH Harmonised Guidance:Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R & Harmon, I. C. H. 2), Tripart Guidel 2 1\u201334. https:\/\/database.ich.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Q1A%28R2%29 Guideline.pdf. (2022).","journal-title":"Tripart Guidel"},{"key":"51216_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.greeac.2025.100306","volume":"15","author":"SH Elagamy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elagamy, S. H., Parvathi, K., Kumar, H., Yahaya, N. & Hasan, R. Green Analytical Chemistry EPPI: A comprehensive index framework for assessment of sustainability performance, and practicality of analytical methods. Green. Anal. Chem. 15, 100306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.greeac.2025.100306 (2025).","journal-title":"Green. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"51216_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elagamy, S. H., Fuente-Ballesteros, A., Chanduluru, H. K. & Obaydo, R. H. Systematic review of recent metrics (2020\u20132025) for greenness, applicability, and analytical performance with guidelines for practical use. Results Chem. 20, 103048 (2026).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2026.103048"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-51216-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-51216-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-51216-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T07:27:07Z","timestamp":1778570827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-51216-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["51216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-51216-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14739"}}