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This taxon\u2019s phylogenetic position has implications for our understanding of cercopithecid evolution: while it is often regarded as a baboon-like Macacina, an alternative taxonomic attribution to the Papionina subtribe has been proposed. This would challenge the commonly accepted hypothesis that baboons constitute an endemic African clade. Here, we reconstructed the face of the subadult female DFN3-150\n                    <jats:italic>Paradolichopithecus<\/jats:italic>\n                    aff.\n                    <jats:italic>arvernensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    cranium from the Lower Pleistocene site Dafnero (Greece), using novel virtual techniques and following alternative protocols. We performed a geometric morphometrics investigation of its morphological affinities with two extant papionin genera. Our results allow for a critical evaluation of the two applied retrodeformation protocols and support stronger facial morphological similarities with\n                    <jats:italic>Papio<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. than macaques. This is in agreement with recent studies evaluating its phenotypic and ecological traits. Nevertheless, direct inferences on phylogenetic affinities require a larger and more diverse papionin sample.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-51595-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T11:44:05Z","timestamp":1778413445000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Virtual reconstruction and analysis of the face of DFN3-150 Paradolichopithecus aff. arvernensis specimen from Dafnero, Greece"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Stylianos","family":"Koutalis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"R\u00f6ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gildas","family":"Merceron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Guy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitris S.","family":"Kostopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Harvati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"51595_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpv.2019.07.002","volume":"18","author":"GD Koufos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koufos, G. D. Late Turolian Mesopithecus (Mammalia: Cercopithecidae) from Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece): Earliest presence of M. monspessulanus in Europe. C. R. Palevol 18, 1057\u20131072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crpv.2019.07.002 (2019).","journal-title":"C. R. Palevol"},{"key":"51595_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2004.11.007","volume":"48","author":"RL Raaum","year":"2005","unstructured":"Raaum, R. L., Sterner, K. N., Noviello, C. M., Stewart, C. B. & Disotell, T. R. Catarrhine primate divergence dates estimated from complete mitochondrial genomes: Concordance with fossil and nuclear DNA evidence. J. Hum. Evol. 48, 237\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2004.11.007 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"51595_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn7829","volume":"380","author":"LFK Kuderna","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kuderna, L. F. K. et al. 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