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As the amygdala is the center of emotional processing, we hypothesized to find differences in the amygdala transcriptome depending on the gas used for stunning. Therefore, 27 amygdala samples were collected from pigs that were stunned with either argon (Ar), a mixture of nitrogen (N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and Ar, or CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . From each sample, total RNA was isolated and sequenced. Compared with inert gases, CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    stunning induced an amygdala transcriptional profile consistent with increased fear-related processing. For example, gene set enrichment analysis identified\n                    <jats:italic>G protein\u2011coupled serotonin receptor activity<\/jats:italic>\n                    as significantly enriched only in comparisons between CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    stunning and inert\u2011gas stunning. In this context,\n                    <jats:italic>HTR1A<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>HTR2A<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which encode serotonin receptors, were downregulated in the animals stunned with CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Both receptors have already been described to be involved in psychological disorders and fear, suggesting that CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    stunning induces more fear-like emotions. Together, these transcriptomic differences support previous reports of more aversive responses during CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    stunning. This study provides the first whole\u2011transcriptome analysis of porcine amygdalae following stunning with different gas mixtures and highlights candidate transcripts for benchmarking welfare outcomes of stunning gases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-51710-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T14:18:32Z","timestamp":1778077112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Carbon dioxide stunning of pigs induces the expression of fear-associated genes in the amygdala"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7978-6043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Gelhausen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2442-9864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora-F.","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6943-5529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Kn\u00f6ll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Wilk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8235-4635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"M\u00f6rlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5352-464X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Tetens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9160-1909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clemens","family":"Falker-Gieske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"51710_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2013.05.003","volume":"68","author":"V Kumar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kumar, V., Bhat, Z. 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