{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T11:28:44Z","timestamp":1787052524503,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":74,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-52042-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T18:03:38Z","timestamp":1780682618000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Field performance of inclined H-beam strength composite piles as internal bracing in a deep soft soil excavation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lijun","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yekuan","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"52042_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204721","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2023.1204721","volume":"11","author":"S Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, S. et al. Risk assessment of deep excavation construction based on combined weighting and nonlinear FAHP. Front. Earth Sci. 11, 1204721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feart.2023.1204721 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"52042_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-020-1102-2","volume":"24","author":"F Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, F., Miao, G. & Lai, F. Base instability triggered by hydraulic uplift of pit-in-pit braced excavations in soft clay overlying a confined aquifer. KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 24, 1717\u20131730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12205-020-1102-2 (2020).","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"52042_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-15139-w","volume":"15","author":"W Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, W. et al. Analysis of deformation rule of deep foundation pit excavation of railway station in soft soil with silt. Sci. Rep. 15, 29383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-15139-w (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"12","key":"52042_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15129740","volume":"15","author":"J Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, J., Xue, B., Wang, H., Zhang, X. & Zhang, Y. Numerical study on the behavior of an existing tunnel during excavating adjacent deep foundation pit. Sustainability 15(12), 9740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15129740 (2023).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"52042_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2015.01.011","volume":"66","author":"R Ignat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ignat, R., Baker, S., Larsson, S. & Liedberg, S. Two- and three-dimensional analyses of excavation support with rows of dry deep mixing columns. Comput. Geotech. 66, 16\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compgeo.2015.01.011 (2015).","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"issue":"8","key":"52042_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002274","volume":"146","author":"EJ Lande","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lande, E. J., Karlsrud, K., Langford, J. & Nordal, S. Effects of drilling for tieback anchors on surrounding ground: Results from field tests. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 146(8), 05020007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002274 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"52042_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sandf.2019.07.012","volume":"59","author":"P Voottipruex","year":"2019","unstructured":"Voottipruex, P. et al. Performances of SDCM and DCM walls under deep excavation in soft clay: Field tests and 3D simulations. Soils Found. 59(6), 1728\u20131739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sandf.2019.07.012 (2019).","journal-title":"Soils Found."},{"key":"52042_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/JGGEFK.GTENG-11804","volume":"150","author":"Y Jin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jin, Y. Effects of active axial-force adjustment of struts on support-system behavior during pit excavation. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 150, Article (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/JGGEFK.GTENG-11804 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"key":"52042_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.undsp.2024.01.002","volume":"18","author":"CH Ge","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ge, C. H., Yang, M., Li, P. F., Zhang, M. J. & Zhang, Z. H. Performance and environmental impacts of deep foundation excavation in soft soils: A field and modeling-based case study in Nanjing, China. Underground Space 18, 218\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.undsp.2024.01.002 (2024).","journal-title":"Underground Space"},{"issue":"2","key":"52042_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2023.101761","volume":"15","author":"L Hong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hong, L. et al. System reliability-based robust design of deep foundation pit considering multiple failure modes. Geosci. Front. 15(2), 101761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gsf.2023.101761 (2024).","journal-title":"Geosci. Front."},{"key":"52042_CR11","unstructured":"JGJ\/T 327\u20142014, Technical Specification for Strength Composite Piles. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press, 2014."},{"key":"52042_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2015.05.003","volume":"69","author":"A Wonglert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wonglert, A. & Jongpradist, P. Impact of reinforced core on performance and failure behavior of stiffened deep cement mixing piles. Comput. Geotech. 69, 93\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compgeo.2015.05.003 (2015).","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"issue":"6","key":"52042_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.A1400009","volume":"15","author":"C Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, C., Xu, Y.-F. & Dong, P. Working characteristics of concrete-cored deep cement mixing piles under embankments. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A 15(6), 419\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1631\/jzus.A1400009 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A"},{"key":"52042_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2021.104618","volume":"144","author":"SM Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu, S. M., Chen, C. F., Cai, H. & Mao, F. S. Analytical modeling for the load-transfer behavior of stiffened deep cement mixing (SDCM) pile with rigid cap in layer soils. Comput. Geotech. 144, 104618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compgeo.2021.104618 (2022).","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"52042_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-019-00780-3","volume":"15","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Rao, F. R. & Ye, G. B. Design method for calculating settlement of stiffened deep mixed column-supported embankment over soft clay. Acta Geotech. 15, 795\u2013814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11440-019-00780-3 (2020).","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"52042_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2025.107211","volume":"183","author":"ZY Gong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gong, Z. Y., Ouyang, H. R., Dai, G. L. & Chen, X. S. A theoretical analysis method for stiffened deep cement mixing (SDCM) pile groups under vertical load in layer soils. Comput. Geotech. 183, 107211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compgeo.2025.107211 (2025).","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"issue":"21","key":"52042_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su16219198","volume":"16","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Bearing characteristics of deep cement mixing integrated drilling, mixing and jetting piles based on numerical simulation. Sustainability 16(21), 9198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su16219198 (2024).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"5","key":"52042_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.12989\/gae.2020.23.5.455","volume":"23","author":"V Sarfarazi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarfarazi, V. & Tabaroei, A. Numerical simulation of the influence of interaction between Qanat and tunnel on the ground settlement. Geomech. Eng. 23(5), 455\u2013466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12989\/gae.2020.23.5.455 (2020).","journal-title":"Geomech. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"52042_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s40571-022-00518-1","volume":"10","author":"D Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, D. et al. Effects of soil arching on behavior of composite pile supporting foundation pit. Computational Part Mech. 10(3), 645\u2013662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40571-022-00518-1 (2022).","journal-title":"Computational Part Mech."},{"issue":"4","key":"52042_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2025.03.002","volume":"53","author":"TA Pham","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pham, T. A., Tabaroei, A., Dias, D. & Han, J. Critical state mechanics-based arching model for pile-supported embankments. Geotext. Geomembr. 53(4), 909\u2013937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2025.03.002 (2025).","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"52042_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2025.107765","volume":"191","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. et al. Three-dimensional numerical analysis of uplift capacity for horizontal plate anchors in geocell-reinforced sandy soil. Comput. Geotech. 191, 107765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compgeo.2025.107765 (2026).","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"issue":"8","key":"52042_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14082521","volume":"14","author":"ZJ Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang, Z. J., Zhu, S., Que, X. C. & Ge, X. L. Deformation effects of deep foundation pit excavation on retaining structures and adjacent subway stations. Buildings 14(8), 2521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings14082521 (2024).","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"issue":"1","key":"52042_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.12989\/gae.2024.37.1.031","volume":"37","author":"A Tabaroei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tabaroei, A. & Jamshidi Chenari, R. A simplified framework for estimation of deformation pattern in deep excavations. Geomech. Eng. 37(1), 31\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12989\/gae.2024.37.1.031 (2024).","journal-title":"Geomech. Eng."},{"key":"52042_CR24","first-page":"104","volume":"49","author":"R Hwang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hwang, R. & Wong, L. W. Effects of preloading of struts on retaining structures in deep excavations. Geotech. Eng. 49, 104\u2013114 (2018).","journal-title":"Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"52042_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2024.1416957","volume":"12","author":"SL Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, S. L. et al. Design and deformation pattern simulation of deep excavation support structures. Front. Earth Sci. 12, 1416957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feart.2024.1416957 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"52042_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13031810","volume":"13","author":"HS Qiu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qiu, H. S., Zhou, Y. H. & Ayasrah, M. Impact study of deep foundations construction of inclined and straight combined support piles on adjacent pile foundations. Appl. Sci. 13(3), 1810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13031810 (2023).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"52042_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3311\/PPci.20353","volume":"66","author":"A Tabaroei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tabaroei, A., Sarfarazi, V., Pouraminian, M. & Mohammadzadeh S., D. Evaluation of behavior of a deep excavation by three-dimensional numerical modeling. Period. Polytech. Civ. Eng. 66(3), 967\u2013977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3311\/PPci.20353 (2022).","journal-title":"Period. Polytech. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"52042_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72220-6","volume":"14","author":"V Sarfarazi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sarfarazi, V. et al. 2D discrete element analysis of the footing above excavated circle in soil. Sci. Rep. 14, 21399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-72220-6 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"52042_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-023-02391-y","volume":"41","author":"A Mishra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mishra, A. & Sawant, V. A detailed investigation on contiguous pile wall with homogeneous backfill. Geotech. Geol. Eng. 41, 1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10706-023-02391-y (2023).","journal-title":"Geotech. Geol. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"52042_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1007\/s40098-023-00822-4","volume":"54","author":"A Mishra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mishra, A. & Sawant, V. A. An experimental study on staged excavation supported by contiguous pile wall. Indian Geotech. J. 54(4), 1690\u20131702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40098-023-00822-4 (2024).","journal-title":"Indian Geotech. J."},{"key":"52042_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2025.107888","volume":"192","author":"TA Pham","year":"2026","unstructured":"Pham, T. A., Tabaroei, A., Ate\u015f, B. & Nguyen, T. Group efficiency and load transfer mechanisms of semi-rigid soil\u2013cement piles: Integrated experimental, 3D numerical, and analytical evaluation. Comput. Geotech. 192, 107888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compgeo.2025.107888 (2026).","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"52042_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2023.11.003","author":"WG Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, W. G., Gu, X., Hong, L., Han, L. & Wang, L. Comprehensive review of deep excavation in soft soil: Deformation characteristics, mechanisms and control measures. J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrmge.2023.11.003 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"52042_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1007\/s40996-023-01094-x","volume":"47","author":"A Tabaroei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tabaroei, A., Seyedi, S. T. & Pouraminian, M. Performance of a deep excavation reinforced by soil-nailing during an earthquake excitation. Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng. 47, 3021\u20133031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40996-023-01094-x (2023).","journal-title":"Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"52042_CR34","unstructured":"JGJ 94\u20142008, Technical Code for Building Pile Foundations. Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 2008."},{"key":"52042_CR35","unstructured":"Construction Method for Integrated Jet-Grouted Steel Pipe Composite Inclined Support Piles for Foundation Excavation Support. Technical manual (electronic version), author unknown."},{"key":"52042_CR36","unstructured":"JGJ 106\u20142014, Technical Code for Testing of Building Foundation Piles. Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 2014."},{"key":"52042_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1007\/s40515-023-00332-z","volume":"11","author":"HT Tra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tra, H. T., Huynh, Q. T. & Keawsawasvong, S. Estimating the ultimate load bearing capacity implementing extrapolation method of load-settlement relationship and 3D-finite element analysis. Transp. Infrastruct. Geotech. 11, 2764\u20132789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40515-023-00332-z (2024).","journal-title":"Transp. Infrastruct. Geotech."},{"key":"52042_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/960\/2\/022101","volume":"960","author":"Z Meyer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meyer, Z. & Stachecki, K. Analysis of the static load test results referred to limit the bearing capacity of a pile. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 960, 022101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1757-899X\/960\/2\/022101 (2020).","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"52042_CR39","volume-title":"Engineering Geology for a Habitable Earth IAEG XIV Congress 2023 Proceedings Chengdu China IAEG 2023 Environmental Science and Engineering","author":"G He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He, G., Wang, S., Li, J. & Zhang, X. Variability Analysis of Bearing Capacity of Piles with Slowly Varying Q\u2013s Curves. In Engineering Geology for a Habitable Earth IAEG XIV Congress 2023 Proceedings Chengdu China IAEG 2023 Environmental Science and Engineering (eds Wang, S. et al.) (Springer, Singapore, 2024)."},{"key":"52042_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11477-x","volume":"15","author":"A Tabaroei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tabaroei, A. et al. Developing new machine-learning intelligent models to predict the excavation-tunnel displacements. Sci. Rep. 15, 30954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-11477-x (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-52042-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-52042-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-52042-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T11:01:48Z","timestamp":1787050908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-52042-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["52042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-52042-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Author Lijun Sun was employed by the Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing Institute of Surveying, Mapping & Geotechnical Investigation, Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that no potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent for publication of deanonymized data\/images was obtained from all subjects.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"25754"}}