{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T15:05:20Z","timestamp":1786460720995,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780185600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":72,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-52187-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T07:42:39Z","timestamp":1780299759000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sensitive determination of breast cancer biomarker, CA 15-3, using a label free electrochemical aptasensor based on palladium nanoparticles decorated carbon nanofibers"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Nayeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Morteza","family":"Seifati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navid","family":"Nasirizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"52187_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2022.08.010","volume":"66","author":"M Arnold","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arnold, M. et al. Current and future burden of breast cancer: global statistics for 2020 and 2040. Breast 66, 15\u201323 (2022).","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"52187_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20211033","volume":"95","author":"L Wilkinson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wilkinson, L. & Gathani, T. Understanding breast cancer as a global health concern. Br. J. Radiol. 95, 20211033 (2022).","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"52187_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J. et al. Global patterns and trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality across 185 countries. Nat. Med. 1\u20139 (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03502-3"},{"key":"52187_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15060386","volume":"15","author":"H-H Wan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wan, H.-H. et al. A high-sensitivity, Bluetooth-enabled PCB biosensor for HER2 and CA15-3 protein detection in saliva: A rapid, non-invasive approach to breast cancer screening. Biosensors 15, 386 (2025).","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"52187_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-020-01058-3","volume":"27","author":"J Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Tumor markers CA15-3, CA125, CEA and breast cancer survival by molecular subtype: a cohort study. Breast Cancer 27, 621\u2013630 (2020).","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"key":"52187_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2021.100445","volume":"33","author":"TS Rebelo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rebelo, T. S., Ribeiro, J. A., Sales, M. G. F. & Pereira, C. M. Electrochemical immunosensor for detection of CA 15-3 biomarker in point-of-care. Sens. Bio-Sens. Res. 33, 100445 (2021).","journal-title":"Sens. Bio-Sens. Res."},{"key":"52187_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040718","volume":"17","author":"G Selvolini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Selvolini, G. & Marrazza, G. MIP-based sensors: promising new tools for cancer biomarker determination. Sensors 17, 718 (2017).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"52187_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1021\/pr700822t","volume":"7","author":"RM Gonzalez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gonzalez, R. M. et al. Development and validation of sandwich ELISA microarrays with minimal assay interference. J. Proteome Res. 7, 2406\u20132414 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"52187_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1021\/ac902492c","volume":"82","author":"A Ambrosi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ambrosi, A., Airo, F. & Merkoci, A. Enhanced gold nanoparticle based ELISA for a breast cancer biomarker. Anal. Chem. 82, 1151\u20131156 (2010).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"52187_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.03.042","volume":"265","author":"F Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, F., Wang, X., Sun, X. & Guo, Y. Multiplex electrochemical aptasensor for detecting multiple antibiotics residues based on carbon fiber and mesoporous carbon-gold nanoparticles. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 265, 217\u2013226 (2018).","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"52187_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.07.062","volume":"99","author":"B Babamiri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Babamiri, B., Hallaj, R. & Salimi, A. Ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for simultaneous determination of CA125 and CA15-3 tumor markers based on PAMAM-sulfanilic acid-Ru(bpy)32+ and PAMAM-CdTe@CdS nanocomposite. Biosens. Bioelectron. 99, 353\u2013360 (2018).","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"52187_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.06.060","volume":"186","author":"YM Park","year":"2013","unstructured":"Park, Y. M. et al. Lectin-based optical sensing for quantitative analysis of cancer antigen CA15-3 as a breast cancer marker. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 186, 571\u2013579 (2013).","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"52187_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10791","DOI":"10.20964\/2017.11.41","volume":"12","author":"W Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, W., Li, S., Zhang, G., He, J. & Ma, Z. Electrochemical immunoassay for breast cancer markers CA153 determination based on carbon nanotubes modified electrode. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 12, 10791\u201310799 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"52187_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115623","volume":"235","author":"H Moulahoum","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moulahoum, H. et al. Emerging trends in nanomaterial design for the development of point-of-care platforms and practical applications. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 235, 115623 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"52187_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104426","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202104426","volume":"9","author":"D Sim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sim, D. et al. Biomarkers and detection platforms for human health and performance monitoring: a review. Adv. Sci. 9, 2104426 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"52187_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113789","volume":"197","author":"J Zamanian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zamanian, J. et al. Current progress in aptamer-based sensing tools for ultra-low level monitoring of Alzheimer\u2019s disease biomarkers. Biosens. Bioelectron. 197, 113789 (2022).","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"52187_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2023.134130","volume":"393","author":"M Negahdary","year":"2023","unstructured":"Negahdary, M. et al. Aptasensing of beta-amyloid (A\u03b2(1\u201342)) by a 3D-printed platform integrated with leaf-shaped gold nanodendrites. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 393, 134130 (2023).","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"52187_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.139394","volume":"452","author":"BT Murti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Murti, B. T. et al. Free-standing vertically aligned tin disulfide nanosheets for ultrasensitive aptasensor design toward Alzheimer\u2019s diagnosis applications. J. Chem. Eng. 452, 139394 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"52187_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.122360","volume":"231","author":"Y Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, Y. et al. An electrochemical aptasensor based on AuPt alloy nanoparticles for ultrasensitive detection of amyloid-\u03b2 oligomers. Talanta 231, 122360 (2021).","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"52187_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-021-04704-5","volume":"188","author":"X Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, X., Li, L., Gu, X., Yu, B. & Jiang, M. Switchable electrochemical aptasensor for amyloid-\u03b2 oligomers detection based on triple helix switch coupling with AuNPs@ CuMOF labeled signaling displaced-probe. Microchim. Acta 188, 49 (2021).","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"52187_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.3c01201","volume":"7","author":"FS Vajedi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vajedi, F. S., Rasoolzadeh, R., Angnes, L., Santos, E. C. & Silva, L. P. C. Ultrasensitive aptasensing platform for the detection of \u03b2-Amyloid-42 peptide based on MOF containing bimetallic porphyrin graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles. ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 7, 2218\u20132239 (2024).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"52187_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flatc.2022.100353","volume":"33","author":"E Er","year":"2022","unstructured":"Er, E. A portable electrochemical platform based on graphene nanosheets by metal intercalation engineering for anticancer drug pemetrexed sensing. FlatChem 33, 100353 (2022).","journal-title":"FlatChem"},{"key":"52187_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2022.113274","volume":"167","author":"PM Jahani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jahani, P. M., Beitollahi, H. & Tajik, S. Surface amplification of graphite screen printed electrode using reduced graphene oxide\/polypyrrole nanotubes nanocomposite; a powerful electrochemical strategy for determination of sulfite in food samples. Food Chem. Toxicol. 167, 113274 (2022).","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"52187_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20964\/2021.09.28","volume":"16","author":"X Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, X. Fabrication of a chitosan\/nitrogen doped carbon sphere as novel electrochemical sensor for the detection of rutin in food samples. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 16, 21099 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"52187_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2019.09.057","volume":"1093","author":"D Yin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yin, D., Liu, J., Bo, X. & Guo, L. Cobalt-iron selenides embedded in porous carbon nanofibers for simultaneous electrochemical detection of trace of hydroquinone, catechol and resorcinol. Anal. Chim. Acta 1093, 35\u201342 (2020).","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"52187_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2024.115400","volume":"238","author":"MM Azab","year":"2024","unstructured":"Azab, M. M., Rizk, M., Ghany, N. A. A., Mohamed, O. M. & Farag, A. S. Zirconia nanoparticles\/carbon quantum dots modified carbon paste electrode as electrochemical sensor for determination of antiepileptic drug eslicarbazepine acetate in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Measurement 238, 115400 (2024).","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"52187_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15333-5","volume":"7","author":"Q Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu, Q. et al. Ratiometric electrochemical aptasensor based on ferrocene and carbon nanofibers for highly specific detection of tetracycline residues. Sci. Rep. 7, 14729 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"52187_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.22158","volume":"32","author":"P Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, P. et al. Evaluation of a newly developed quantitative determination kit for tumor marker CA 15\u20103 with chemiluminescent assay. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 32, e22158 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"52187_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2015.10.002","volume":"758","author":"A Erdem","year":"2015","unstructured":"Erdem, A., Congur, G. & Mayer, G. Aptasensor platform based on carbon nanofibers enriched screen printed electrodes for impedimetric detection of thrombin. J. Electroanal. Chem. 758, 12\u201319 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"52187_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjac.2022.100144","volume":"50","author":"Z Qian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qian, Z. et al. Recent advances in electrochemical sensors based on palladium nanoparticles. Chin. J. Anal. Chem. 50, 100144 (2022).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"52187_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(11)70143-2","volume":"14","author":"BD Adams","year":"2011","unstructured":"Adams, B. D. & Chen, A. The role of palladium in a hydrogen economy. Mater. Today 14, 282\u2013289 (2011).","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"52187_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1039\/b820837a","volume":"2","author":"E Antolini","year":"2009","unstructured":"Antolini, E. Palladium in fuel cell catalysis. Energy Environ. Sci. 2, 915\u2013931 (2009).","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"52187_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2011.2138130","volume":"12","author":"SF Silva","year":"2011","unstructured":"Silva, S. F., Coelho, L., Frazao, O., Santos, J. L. & Malcata, F. X. A review of palladium-based fiber-optic sensors for molecular hydrogen detection. IEEE Sens. J. 12, 93\u2013102 (2011).","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"52187_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24821","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm35321k","volume":"22","author":"Y Qin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Qin, Y. et al. In situ synthesis of highly loaded and ultrafine Pd nanoparticles-decorated graphene oxide for glucose biosensor application. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 24821\u201324826 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"52187_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.129515","volume":"332","author":"Z Shekari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shekari, Z., Zare, H. R. & Falahati, A. Dual assaying of breast cancer biomarkers by using a sandwich\u2013type electrochemical aptasensor based on a gold nanoparticles\u20133D graphene hydrogel nanocomposite and redox probes labeled aptamers. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 332, 129515 (2021).","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"52187_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-023-05989-4","volume":"190","author":"Y Vojgani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vojgani, Y. et al. Quantitative measurement of CA 15-3 cancer biomarker using an electrochemical aptasensor based on the electrodeposition of Au thin film on cauliflower-like rGO-MoS2 nanocomposite. Microchim. Acta 190, 406 (2023).","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"52187_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-024-06134-8","volume":"29","author":"LH Mendoza-Huizar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mendoza-Huizar, L. H. Electrodeposition of palladium nanoparticles onto indium tin oxide glass electrode. A kinetical and morphological study and effect of the potential in the particle size. J. Solid State Electrochem. 29, 1849\u20131861 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"52187_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-018-2686-9","volume":"185","author":"G Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, G., Liu, Z., Fan, L. & Guo, Y. Electrochemical prostate specific antigen aptasensor based on hemin functionalized graphene-conjugated palladium nanocomposites. Microchim. Acta 185, 159 (2018).","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"52187_CR39","volume-title":"Electrochemical Methods, Fundamentals and Applications","author":"J Bard","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bard, J. & Faulkner, L. R. Electrochemical Methods, Fundamentals and Applications (Wiley, 2001)."},{"key":"52187_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2008.03.012","volume":"27","author":"II Suni","year":"2008","unstructured":"Suni, I. I. Impedance methods for electrochemical sensors using nanomaterials. TrAC Trend. Anal. Chem. 27, 604\u2013611 (2008).","journal-title":"TrAC Trend. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"52187_CR41","volume-title":"Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry","author":"J Miller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miller, J. & Miller, J. C. Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry (Pearson education, 2018)."},{"key":"52187_CR42","volume":"33","author":"TS Rebelo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rebelo, T. S., Ribeiro, J. A., Sales, M. G. F. & Pereira, C. M. Electrochemical immunosensor for detection of CA 15-3 biomarker in point-of-care. Sens. Bio-Sens. Res. 33, 100496 (2021).","journal-title":"Sens. Bio-Sens. Res."},{"key":"52187_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7815","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c05367","volume":"93","author":"JA Ribeiro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ribeiro, J. A., Sales, M. G. F. & Pereira, C. M. Electrochemistry-assisted surface plasmon resonance biosensor for detection of CA 15-3. Anal. Chem. 93, 7815\u20137824 (2021).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"52187_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196656","volume":"13","author":"RS Gomes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gomes, R. S., Moreira, F. T., Fernandes, R. & Sales, M. G. F. Sensing CA 15-3 in point-of-care by electropolymerizing O-phenylenediamine (oPDA) on Au-screen printed electrodes. PLoS ONE 13, e0196656 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"52187_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.08.047","volume":"122","author":"SA Nakhjavani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nakhjavani, S. A. et al. A highly sensitive and reliable detection of CA15-3 in patient plasma with electrochemical biosensor labeled with magnetic beads. Biosens. Bioelectron. 122, 8\u201315 (2018).","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"52187_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.07.009","volume":"63","author":"X Jiang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jiang, X., Wang, H., Yuan, R. & Chai, Y. Sensitive electrochemiluminescence detection for CA15-3 based on immobilizing luminol on dendrimer functionalized ZnO nanorods. Biosens. Bioelectron. 63, 33\u201338 (2015).","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"52187_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-017-2532-5","volume":"185","author":"J Amani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amani, J., Khoshroo, A. & Rahimi-Nasrabadi, M. Electrochemical immunosensor for the breast cancer marker CA 15-3 based on the catalytic activity of a CuS\/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite towards the electrooxidation of catechol. Microchim. Acta 185, 79 (2018).","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-52187-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-52187-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-52187-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T13:03:57Z","timestamp":1786453437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-52187-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["52187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-52187-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"All methods and experiments performed in this study were carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations of the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Yazd Campus\u2019s Research. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects and\/or their legal guardian(s) prior to their participation in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"24888"}}