{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T15:05:15Z","timestamp":1786460715890,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780099200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":73,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Municipality Edam-Volendam"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-52440-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T08:44:51Z","timestamp":1780130691000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanisms of change in a community-based alcohol prevention framework among adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ina M.","family":"Koning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Tomczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"52440_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.5.949","volume":"111","author":"PL Ellickson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ellickson, P. L., Tucker, J. S. & Klein, D. J. Ten-year prospective study of public health problems associated with early drinking. Pediatrics 111 (5), 949\u2013955 (2003).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"52440_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.15288\/jsas.2002.s14.54","volume":"(14)","author":"JE Schulenberg","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schulenberg, J. E. & Maggs, J. L. A developmental perspective on alcohol use and heavy drinking during adolescence and the transition to young adulthood. J. Stud. Alcohol Supplement. (14), 54\u201370 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Supplement"},{"issue":"4","key":"52440_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2018.10","volume":"19","author":"LP Spear","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spear, L. P. Effects of adolescent alcohol consumption on the brain and behaviour. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 19 (4), 197\u2013214 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"52440_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2005.66.605","volume":"66","author":"J Verdurmen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Verdurmen, J., Monshouwer, K., Van Dorsselaer, S., Ter Bogt, T. & Vollebergh, W. Alcohol use and mental health in adolescents: Interactions with age and gender findings from the Dutch 2001 Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children survey. J. Stud. Alcohol. 66 (5), 605\u2013609 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"52440_CR5","unstructured":"Boer, M. et al. HBSC 2021 Gezondheid en welzijn van jongeren in Nederland (Trimbos Institute, 2022)."},{"issue":"suppl_2","key":"52440_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckv031","volume":"25","author":"MD Looze","year":"2015","unstructured":"Looze, M. D. et al. Decreases in adolescent weekly alcohol use in Europe and North America: Evidence from 28 countries from 2002 to 2010. Eur. J. Public. Health. 25 (suppl_2), 69\u201372 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public. Health"},{"issue":"16","key":"52440_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8823","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168823","volume":"18","author":"IM Koning","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koning, I. M., Van der Rijst, V. G., De Wit, J. B. & De Kock, C. Pre-intervention effects of a community-based intervention targeting alcohol use (LEF); The role of participatory research and publicity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 18 (16), 8823 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"52440_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bronfenbrenner, U. The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design (Harvard University Press, 1979).","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674028845"},{"key":"52440_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.05.006","volume":"61","author":"A Lac","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lac, A. & Donaldson, C. D. Alcohol attitudes, motives, norms, and personality traits longitudinally classify nondrinkers, moderate drinkers, and binge drinkers using discriminant function analysis. Addict. Behav. 61, 91\u201398 (2016).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"issue":"7","key":"52440_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.12","volume":"165","author":"M Morgenstern","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morgenstern, M., Isensee, B., Sargent, J. D. & Hanewinkel, R. Attitudes as mediators of the longitudinal association between alcohol advertising and youth drinking. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 165 (7), 610\u2013616 (2011).","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"52440_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2009.05.003","volume":"33","author":"IM Koning","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koning, I. M., Engels, R. C., Verdurmen, J. E. & Vollebergh, W. A. Alcohol-specific socialization practices and alcohol use in Dutch early adolescents. J. Adolesc. 33 (1), 93\u2013100 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"52440_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03198.x","volume":"106","author":"IM Koning","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koning, I. M., Van den Eijnden, R. J., Engels, R. C., Verdurmen, J. E. & Vollebergh, W. A. Why target early adolescents and parents in alcohol prevention? The mediating effects of self-control, rules and attitudes about alcohol use. Addiction 106, 538\u2013546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03198.x (2010).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"52440_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01680.x","volume":"47","author":"H Van der Vorst","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van der Vorst, H., Engels, R. C. M. E., Meeus, W. & Dekovic, M. The impact of alcohol-specific rules, parental norms about early drinking and parental alcohol use on adolescents\u2019 drinking behavior. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. 47, 1299\u20131306 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip."},{"issue":"8","key":"52440_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000353","volume":"35","author":"BK Payne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Payne, B. K., Lee, K. M., Giletta, M. & Prinstein, M. J. Implicit attitudes predict drinking onset in adolescents: Shaping by social norms. Health Psychol. 35 (8), 829 (2016).","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"issue":"6","key":"52440_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(02)00295-2","volume":"27","author":"P Cuijpers","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cuijpers, P. Effective ingredients of school-based drug prevention programs: A systematic review. Addict. Behav. 27 (6), 1009\u20131023 (2002).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"issue":"11","key":"52440_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000387","volume":"35","author":"P Sheeran","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sheeran, P. et al. The impact of changing attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy on health-related intentions and behavior: A meta-analysis. Health Psychol. 35 (11), 1178 (2016).","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"issue":"7","key":"52440_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jst019","volume":"38","author":"BA Morrongiello","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morrongiello, B. A., McArthur, B. A., Kane, A. & Fleury, R. Only kids who are fools would do that! Peer social norms influence children\u2019s risk-taking decisions. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 38 (7), 744\u2013755 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"52440_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015013","volume":"67","author":"DT Miller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miller, D. T. & Prentice, D. A. Changing norms to change behavior. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 67 (1), 339\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015013 (2016).","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Psychol."},{"issue":"11","key":"52440_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2007.07.007","volume":"32","author":"HW Perkins","year":"2007","unstructured":"Perkins, H. W. Misperceptions of peer drinking norms in Canada: Another look at the reign of error and its consequences among college students. Addict. Behav. 32 (11), 2645\u20132656 (2007).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"52440_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.76.2.291","volume":"76","author":"JW Graham","year":"1991","unstructured":"Graham, J. W., Marks, G. & Hansen, W. B. Social influence processes affecting adolescent substance use. J. Appl. Psychol. 76, 291\u2013298 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"52440_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2007.68.556","volume":"68","author":"C Neighbors","year":"2007","unstructured":"Neighbors, C., Lee, C. M., Lewis, M. A., Fossos, N. & Larimer, M. E. Are social norms the best predictor of outcomes among heavy drinking college students? J. Stud. Alcohol Drug. 68, 556\u2013565 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drug"},{"key":"52440_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.11.024","volume":"78","author":"D Lac","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lac, D. & Donaldson, C. D. Testing competing models of injunctive and descriptive norms for proximal and distal reference groups on alcohol attitudes and behavior. Addict. Behav. 78, 153\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.11.024 (2018).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"52440_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.08.034","volume":"39","author":"HA Teunissen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Teunissen, H. A. et al. An experimental study on the effects of peer drinking norms on adolescents\u2019 drinker prototypes. Addict. Behav. 39 (1), 85\u201393 (2014).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"issue":"5","key":"52440_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2012.752827","volume":"28","author":"S Mollen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mollen, S., Rimal, R., Ruiter, R., Lang, S. & Kok, G. Intervening or interfering? The influence of injunctive and descriptive norms on intervention behaviours in alcohol consumption contexts. Psychol. Health. 28 (5), 561\u2013578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08870446.2012.752827 (2013).","journal-title":"Psychol. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"52440_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.18.1.19","volume":"18","author":"MD Wood","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wood, M. D., Read, J. P., Mitchell, R. E. & Brand, N. H. Do parents still matter? Parent and peer influences on alcohol involvement among recent high school graduates. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 18 (1), 19 (2004).","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"issue":"10","key":"52440_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02677.x","volume":"104","author":"IM Koning","year":"2009","unstructured":"Koning, I. M. et al. Preventing heavy alcohol use in adolescents (PAS): Cluster randomized trial of a parent and student intervention offered separately and simultaneously. Addiction 104 (10), 1669\u20131678 (2009).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"4","key":"52440_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1080\/1067828X.2017.1306471","volume":"26","author":"M Mynttinen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mynttinen, M., Pietil\u00e4, A. M. & Kangasniemi, M. What does parental involvement mean in preventing adolescents\u2019 use of alcohol? An integrative review. J. Child. Adolesc. Subst. Abuse. 26 (4), 338\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1067828X.2017.1306471 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Child. Adolesc. Subst. Abuse"},{"issue":"10","key":"52440_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01193.x","volume":"100","author":"H Van Der Vorst","year":"2005","unstructured":"Van Der Vorst, H., Engels, R. C., Meeus, W., Dekovi\u0107, M. & Van Leeuwe, J. The role of alcohol-specific socialization in adolescents\u2019 drinking behaviour. Addiction 100 (10), 1464\u20131476 (2005).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"4","key":"52440_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20200440","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-0440","volume":"146","author":"WS Yuen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yuen, W. S. et al. Adolescent alcohol use trajectories; risk factors and adult outcomes. Pediatrics 146 (4), e20200440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2020-0440 (2020).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"52440_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-012-9772-9","volume":"41","author":"IM Koning","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koning, I. M., Van den Eijnden, R. J., Verdurmen, J. E., Engels, R. C. & Vollebergh, W. A. Developmental alcohol-specific parenting profiles in adolescence and their relationships with adolescents\u2019 alcohol use. J. Youth Adolesc. 41 (11), 1502\u20131511 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"52440_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039197","volume":"83","author":"IM Koning","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koning, I. M., Maric, M., MacKinnon, D. & Vollebergh, W. A. M. Effects of a combined parent\u2013student alcohol prevention program on intermediate factors and adolescents\u2019 drinking behavior: A sequential mediation model. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 83, 719\u2013727 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"52440_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.02.004","volume":"45","author":"S Kuntsche","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kuntsche, S. & Kuntsche, E. Parent-based interventions for preventing or reducing adolescent substance use\u2014A systematic literature review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 45, 89\u2013101 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"52440_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2011.11.003","volume":"18","author":"A Bryden","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bryden, A., Roberts, B., McKee, M. & Petticrew, M. A systematic review of the influence on alcohol use of community level availability and marketing of alcohol. Health Place. 18 (2), 349\u2013357 (2012).","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"1","key":"52440_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2018.79.58","volume":"79","author":"A Sherk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sherk, A. et al. Alcohol consumption and the physical availability of take-away alcohol: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the days and hours of sale and outlet density. J. Stud. Alcohol Drug. 79 (1), 58\u201367 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drug"},{"issue":"4","key":"52440_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000081","volume":"29","author":"RA Shih","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shih, R. A. et al. Associations between neighborhood alcohol availability and young adolescent alcohol use. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 29 (4), 950\u2013959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/adb0000081 (2015).","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"issue":"9682","key":"52440_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60744-3","volume":"373","author":"P Anderson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Anderson, P., Chisholm, D. & Fuhr, D. C. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of policies and programmes to reduce the harm caused by alcohol. Lancet 373 (9682), 2234\u20132246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60744-3 (2009).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"52440_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agp054","volume":"44","author":"S Popova","year":"2009","unstructured":"Popova, S., Giesbrecht, N., Bekmuradov, D. & Patra, J. Hours and days of sale and density of alcohol outlets: Impacts on alcohol consumption and damage: A systematic review. Alcohol Alcoholism. 44 (5), 500\u2013516 (2009).","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcoholism"},{"key":"52440_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brody, G. H., Flor, D. L., Hollett-Wright, N., McCoy, J. K. & Donovan, J. Parent-child relationships, child temperament profiles and children\u2019s alcohol use norms. J. Stud. Alcohol. Suppl. 13, 45\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15288\/jsas.1999.s13.45 (1999).","DOI":"10.15288\/jsas.1999.s13.45"},{"key":"52440_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baer, J. S. Effects of college residence on perceived norms for alcohol consumption: An examination of the first year in college. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 8, 43\u201350 (1994).","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0893-164X.8.1.43"},{"key":"52440_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nieminen, P., Lehtiniemi, H., V\u00e4h\u00e4kangas, K., Huusko, A. & Rautio, A. Standardised regression coefficient as an effect sizeindex in summarising findings in epidemiological studies. Epidemiol. Biostat. Public Health 10, 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2427\/8854 (2013).","DOI":"10.2427\/8854"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-52440-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-52440-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-52440-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T13:03:54Z","timestamp":1786453434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-52440-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["52440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-52440-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences at Utrecht University (FETC18-060).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study and their guardian if applicable (youth\u2009<\u200916 years).","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"24893"}}