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Nano-formulations were prepared using polyethylene glycol (PEG) via oil-in-water emulsification, achieving high encapsulation efficiencies (EE%) of 96.16% for citronella and 94.16% for geranium oils, with corresponding loading capacities (LC%) of 77.43% and 76.35%, respectively. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) confirmed spherical nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 20 to 60\u00a0nm. Bioassay results revealed that nano-citronella exhibited the highest insecticidal activity, with the lowest LC\u2085\u2080 value (0.4111\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0ppm) and a toxicity index of 100, indicating approximately tenfold greater potency than its bulk counterpart. Nano-geranium showed a moderate enhancement in toxicity (LC\u2085\u2080\u2009=\u20093.95\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    ppm) compared to the bulk oil. Biochemical analyses demonstrated pronounced disruptions in enzymatic activity: chitinase activity ranged from 4.43\u2009\u00b1\u20090.94 \u00b5g NAGA\/min in bulk citronella treatments to 23.70\u2009\u00b1\u20092.90 \u00b5g NAGA\/min in nano-citronella. Invertase activity increased markedly, reaching 175.34\u2009\u00b1\u20093.47\u00a0\u00b5g glucose\/min in nano-citronella treatments, while total protein content varied from 750.77\u2009\u00b1\u20093.85\u00a0\u00b5g\/mg tissue in nano-geranium to 1315.80\u2009\u00b1\u20091.27\u00a0\u00b5g\/mg tissue in bulk citronella treatments. Developmental parameters were significantly affected with nano-citronella LC\u2085\u2080 treatments, causing prolonged larval duration (19.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.71 days) and reduced pupal weight (178.7\u2009\u00b1\u20093.18 mg) compared with control groups. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations identified geraniol as a potent natural inhibitor of bacterial chitinase (PDB ID: 1CTN), forming stable \u03c0\u2013alkyl and van der Waals interactions with Trp252, Phe373, and Ser341, and exhibiting a strong binding free energy (\u201320.08 kcal\/mol). The geraniol\u2013chitinase complex displayed enhanced conformational stability (RMSD\u2009=\u20091.15\u2009\u00b1\u20090.15 \u00c5) and compactness (Rg\u2009=\u200926.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.09 \u00c5) relative to the unbound enzyme. Overall, these findings demonstrate that nano-encapsulation substantially enhances the insecticidal efficacy, biochemical disruption, and molecular stability of essential oils, highlighting their potential as eco-friendly, high-efficiency biopesticides within integrated pest management (IPM) programs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-52470-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T07:45:04Z","timestamp":1779176704000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative insecticidal efficacy and biochemical impact of nano-encapsulated citronella and geranium essential oils against Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Enas Adel","family":"Abd-Elatef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soad Mohamed","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona N.","family":"Wahba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"El-Rashedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanaa E.","family":"Sadek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"52470_CR1","first-page":"125","volume":"42","author":"AA Khalil","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khalil, A. 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