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Consequently, innovative therapeutic strategies have emerged to address these challenging infections. Among them, phage therapy stands out, in which highly potent lytic bacteriophages (phages) are specifically selected to target and eradicate the responsible pathogens. In this study, Pseudomonas phage E21 was recovered from sewage, and it genetically belongs to the\n                    <jats:italic>Lavrentievirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    genus,\n                    <jats:italic>Casjensviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    family. The genetic characterization of the isolated phage reveals the presence of highly potent lytic enzymes, which play a critical role in effectively suppressing the growth of the targeted pathogens. The phage has high stability patterns over a wide range of temperatures and pH values (65 \u2103 and 3\u201311). Carboxymethylcellulose was used to formulate a hydrogel for the evaluation of the bacteriophage\u2019s efficacy against biofilm-associated wound infection in a suitable animal model. The result of the preclinical study confirmed the efficacy of isolated phage in the therapy of biofilm-associated wound infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-52857-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T10:44:04Z","timestamp":1779187444000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization and evaluation of the efficacy of phage E21 therapy in a wound animal model of biofilm-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9933-7518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M. 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