{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T07:01:08Z","timestamp":1784617268796,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":47,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"B.M.S. College of Engineering"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-52894-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:55:17Z","timestamp":1780498517000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A multi-layer airport security framework using YOLO-based X-ray detection, video anomaly analysis, IoT sensor monitoring and blockchain logging"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Shobha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Rashmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. R.","family":"Chaitanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. V.","family":"Medhini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. J.","family":"Chandana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumukh P.","family":"Gowda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"52894_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Babu, A. & Rao, K. Analysis of airport baggage screening using deep learning. ACE 2023, IEEE (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACE.2023.10123456.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACE.2023.10123456."},{"issue":"11","key":"52894_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5024","DOI":"10.3390\/s23115024","volume":"23","author":"H-T Duong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Duong, H.-T., Le, V.-T. & Hoang, V. T. Deep learning methods for video anomaly detection: A survey. Sensors 23(11), 5024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23115024 (2023).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"52894_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160749","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3021452","volume":"8","author":"Y Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Ding, S., Xu, Z. & Zheng, H. AI- and IoT-based smart surveillance systems: A survey. IEEE Access 8, 160749\u2013160772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3021452 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"52894_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miao, C., Yang, Y., Li, J., Luo, P. & Li, S. Z. SIXray: A large-scale security inspection X-ray benchmark for prohibited item discovery in overlapping images. CVPR, 2119\u20132128 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00222.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00222."},{"key":"52894_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao, C., Liu, Y., Zhang, H. & others. CLCXray: Occlusion-aware prohibited item detection in security X-ray imagery. IEEE Trans. Inform. Forensics Secur.17, 1106\u20131118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3142007 (2022).","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3142007"},{"key":"52894_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Wang, C., Li, X. & others. YOLOv5: A comprehensive performance evaluation for real-time object detection. J. Imag., 9(2), 38 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging9020038.","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging9020038."},{"key":"52894_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sawant, T., Bhise, A., Gaikwad, V. & others. A Comparative Study of YOLO versions for real-time applications. B-HTC 2024, IEEE (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/B-HTC60059.2024.10564025.","DOI":"10.1109\/B-HTC60059.2024.10564025."},{"key":"52894_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2021.09.017","volume":"152","author":"S Ak\u00e7ay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ak\u00e7ay, S., Kundegorski, M. E., Willcocks, C. G. & Breckon, T. P. Deep learning for X-ray security threat detection: A review. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 152, 38\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patrec.2021.09.017 (2022).","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn. Lett."},{"key":"52894_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hasan, M., Choi, J., Neogi, N. & others. Anomaly detection in video surveillance. ACM Comput. Surv., 55(4), 1\u201338 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3518986x.","DOI":"10.1145\/3518986x"},{"key":"52894_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, J. & Singh, P. Crowd anomaly estimation and detection. Intelligent Systems Reference Library, Springer (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-14892-2.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-14892-2."},{"key":"52894_CR11","unstructured":"Cong, R., Liu, C., Loy, C. C., Gong, S. & Tao, D. Abnormal event detection in crowded scenes using coherent motion regions. CVPR Workshops, 155\u2013162 (2013)."},{"issue":"5","key":"52894_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5512","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3344551","volume":"24","author":"D Abhiram","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abhiram, D., Reddy, K., Reddy, P. & Rajagopal, S. IoT environmental monitoring with anomaly detection. IEEE Sens. J. 24(5), 5512\u20135523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3344551 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"52894_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAECIS58353.2023.10170192","author":"AA Rokhade","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rokhade, A. A. et al. Anomaly detection for IoT security: A survey. ICAECIS https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICAECIS58353.2023.10170192 (2023).","journal-title":"ICAECIS"},{"issue":"5","key":"52894_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3211234","volume":"19","author":"T Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu, T. & Li, Y. Edge AI for real-time security and surveillance. IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf. 19(5), 3458\u20133472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TII.2022.3211234 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf."},{"key":"52894_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.08.020","volume":"111","author":"X Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu, X. et al. A taxonomy of blockchain-based systems for secure logging and provenance. Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst. 111, 641\u2013655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.future.2017.08.020 (2020).","journal-title":"Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"52894_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2022.12.043","volume":"141","author":"S Kumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumar, S. & Roy, A. Blockchain for secure distributed detection systems. Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst. 141, 299\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.future.2022.12.043 (2023).","journal-title":"Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"52894_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101124","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2930941","volume":"7","author":"A Salahdine","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salahdine, A. & Kaabouch, N. A survey on blockchain for artificial intelligence. IEEE Access 7, 101124\u2013101140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2930941 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"52894_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.91","author":"J Redmon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Redmon, J., Divvala, S., Girshick, R. & Farhadi, A. You Only Look Once: Unified, real-time object detection. CVPR https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2016.91 (2016).","journal-title":"CVPR"},{"key":"52894_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ipr2.13013","author":"H Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Zhao, Z., Yang, J. & Li, Z. Attention-based CNN models for prohibited item detection in X-ray images. IET Image Proc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/ipr2.13013 (2024).","journal-title":"IET Image Proc."},{"key":"52894_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vukadinovic, D., Os\u00e9s, M. R. & Anderson, A. Automated detection of powder-like substances in X-ray images. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12198-023-00261-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12198-023-00261-5."},{"key":"52894_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3245524","author":"D Torre","year":"2023","unstructured":"Torre, D., Chennamaneni, A. & Rodriguez, A. Privacy-preservation techniques for IoT devices. IEEE Access https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3245524 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"8","key":"52894_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3676","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2015.2470255","volume":"64","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Yang, L. T., Li, P. & Chen, Z. Privacy-preserving deep computation model on cloud for big data feature learning. IEEE Trans. Comput. 64(8), 3676\u20133685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TC.2015.2470255 (2015).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"52894_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3356781","volume":"12","author":"F Ali","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ali, F., Hussain, T. & Khan, M. IWGAN-based Wi-Fi anomaly detection in airports. IEEE Access 12, 4457\u20134468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3356781 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"52894_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67830","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3283456","volume":"11","author":"SMR Islam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Islam, S. M. R., Kwak, D., Kabir, M. H., Hossain, M. & Kwak, K. S. The internet of things for health care: A comprehensive survey. IEEE Access 11, 67830\u201367858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3283456 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"52894_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-025-05706-1","author":"N Sharma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sharma, N. & Shambharkar, P. G. Blockchain-based framework for secure medical data sharing and disease diagnosis using optimized deep belief networks. Clust. Comput. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10586-025-05706-1 (2025).","journal-title":"Clust. Comput."},{"key":"52894_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, N. & Shambharkar, P. G. Enhancing Internet of Medical Things security using dynamic adaptive deep reinforcement learning and blockchain. IEEE Access (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2025.110808"},{"key":"52894_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.-Y., Bochkovskiy, A. & Liao, H.-Y. YOLOv7: Trainable bag-of-freebies sets new SOTA for real-time object detectors. arXiv preprint arXiv:2207.02696 (2022).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00721"},{"issue":"7","key":"52894_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/LSENS.2023.3290209","volume":"7","author":"F Romanelli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Romanelli, F. & Martinelli, F. Synthetic sensor data generation exploiting deep learning techniques and multi-modal information. IEEE Sens. Lett. 7(7), 1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LSENS.2023.3290209 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. Lett."},{"issue":"22","key":"52894_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7389","DOI":"10.3390\/s24227389","volume":"24","author":"S Alabdulwahab","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alabdulwahab, S., Kim, Y.-T. & Son, Y. Privacy-preserving synthetic data generation method for IoT-sensor network IDS using CTGAN. Sensors 24(22), 7389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24227389 (2024).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"52894_CR30","unstructured":"Intel Berkeley Research Lab. Intel Lab Data: Sensor readings from a real-world indoor environment. Available at: http:\/\/db.csail.mit.edu\/labdata\/labdata.html."},{"key":"52894_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13171","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96035-1","volume":"15","author":"K Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao, K., Peng, S., Li, Y. & Lu, T. A lightweight Xray-YOLO-Mamba model for prohibited item detection. Sci. Rep. 15, 13171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-96035-1 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"52894_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture15161765","volume":"15","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Liu, Z., Guo, X., Li, C. & Teng, G. Wheat head detection in field environments based on an improved YOLOv11 model. Agriculture 15, 1765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agriculture15161765 (2025).","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"52894_CR33","unstructured":"Ultralytics. YOLOv8 Documentation. Available at: https:\/\/docs.ultralytics.com (2023)."},{"key":"52894_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Puliyanda, A., Padmanathan, A. M. D., Mushrif, S. & Prasad, V. A 3D convolutional neural network autoencoder for predicting solvent configuration changes. Digital Discov., 3 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D4DD00049H.","DOI":"10.1039\/D4DD00049H."},{"key":"52894_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.3390\/s23021009","volume":"23","author":"J Do","year":"2023","unstructured":"Do, J., Kareem, A. B. & Hur, J.-W. LSTM-Autoencoder for vibration anomaly detection in VCSRS. Sensors 23, 1009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23021009 (2023).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"52894_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Michael, Y., Alansari, M., Ahmed, A., Werghi, N. & Henschel, A. X-SSL: Self-supervised X-ray threat detection. Inform. Process. Manag. 126645 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ipm.2024.103339.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2024.103339."},{"issue":"2","key":"52894_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1049\/ipr2.12836","volume":"18","author":"H Wen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wen, H., Liu, S. & Zhang, R. Airport baggage anomaly retention using machine vision, edge computing and blockchain. IET Image Proc. 18(2), 112\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/ipr2.12836 (2024).","journal-title":"IET Image Proc."},{"key":"52894_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2025.101897","author":"PG Shambharkar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shambharkar, P. G. & Sharma, N. XAI-driven multi-attention DeepCRNN for cyberattack detection in internet of medical things environments. Pervasive Mob. Comput. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmcj.2025.101897 (2025).","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-52894-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-52894-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-52894-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T06:02:29Z","timestamp":1784613749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-52894-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["52894"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-52894-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"22695"}}