{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T22:52:10Z","timestamp":1785711130540,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,24]],"date-time":"2026-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779580800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":71,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-53323-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,24]],"date-time":"2026-05-24T07:43:20Z","timestamp":1779608600000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Systemic lipid abnormalities and choriocapillaris flow deficits in patients with hard drusen"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiangfei","family":"Xianyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"53323_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.09.024","volume":"127","author":"CJ Flaxel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Flaxel, C. J. et al. Age-Related Macular Degeneration Preferred Practice Pattern\u00ae. Ophthalmology 127, P1\u2013P65 (2020).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"53323_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1159\/000525652","volume":"245","author":"M Belmouhand","year":"2022","unstructured":"Belmouhand, M. et al. Heritability and Risk Factors of Incident Small and Large Drusen in the Copenhagen Twin Cohort Eye Study: A 20-Year Follow-Up. Ophthalmologica 245, 421\u2013430 (2022).","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"53323_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01780-y","volume":"36","author":"JB Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin, J. B., Halawa, O. A., Husain, D., Miller, J. W. & Vavvas, D. G. Dyslipidemia in age-related macular degeneration. Eye (Lond). 36, 312\u2013318 (2022).","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"53323_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b23-00849","volume":"47","author":"M Tomomatsu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tomomatsu, M. et al. Oxidized-LDL Induces Metabolic Dysfunction in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 47, 641\u2013651 (2024).","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"53323_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1994.57","volume":"8","author":"JP Sarks","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sarks, J. P., Sarks, S. H. & Killingsworth, M. C. Evolution of soft drusen in age-related macular degeneration. Eye (Lond). 8 (Pt 3), 269\u2013283 (1994).","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"53323_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003871","volume":"43","author":"CD Evers","year":"2023","unstructured":"Evers, C. D. et al. Histology, dimensions, and fluorescein staining characteristics. Retina 43, 1708\u20131716 (2023).","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"53323_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30489-7","volume":"9","author":"GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators & Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study","year":"2021","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators & Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Glob Health. 9, e144\u2013e160 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"53323_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.08.014","volume":"196","author":"E Borrelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Borrelli, E. et al. Topographic Analysis of the Choriocapillaris in Intermediate Age-related Macular Degeneration. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 196, 34\u201343 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"53323_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.12.41","volume":"64","author":"D Kar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kar, D. et al. Choriocapillaris Impairment Is Associated With Delayed Rod-Mediated Dark Adaptation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 64, 41 (2023).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"53323_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04837-y","volume":"258","author":"L Tiosano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tiosano, L., Byon, I., Alagorie, A. R., Ji, Y. S. & Sadda, S. R. Choriocapillaris flow deficit associated with intraretinal hyperreflective foci in intermediate age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 258, 2353\u20132362 (2020).","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"53323_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-01298-9","volume":"35","author":"L Tiosano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tiosano, L., Corradetti, G. & Sadda, S. R. Progression of choriocapillaris flow deficits in clinically stable intermediate age-related macular degeneration. Eye (Lond). 35, 2991\u20132998 (2021).","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"53323_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312643","volume":"103","author":"M Nassisi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nassisi, M. et al. Choriocapillaris impairment around the atrophic lesions in patients with geographic atrophy: a swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography study. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 103, 911\u2013917 (2019).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"53323_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-018-0119-9","volume":"7","author":"I Chatziralli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chatziralli, I., Theodossiadis, G., Panagiotidis, D., Pousoulidi, P. & Theodossiadis, P. Choriocapillaris Vascular Density Changes in Patients with Drusen: Cross-Sectional Study Based on Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Findings. Ophthalmol. Ther. 7, 101\u2013107 (2018).","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Ther."},{"key":"53323_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04403-1","volume":"257","author":"M Nassisi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nassisi, M., Tepelus, T., Nittala, M. G. & Sadda, S. R. Choriocapillaris flow impairment predicts the development and enlargement of drusen. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 257, 2079\u20132085 (2019).","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"53323_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12718","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62863-w","volume":"14","author":"C Liang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liang, C. et al. Assessment of retinal and choroidal microvasculature in night shift medical workers by OCT angiography. Sci. Rep. 14, 12718 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"53323_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2011.02.001","volume":"5","author":"JD Otvos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Otvos, J. D. et al. Clinical Implications of Discordance Between LDL Cholesterol and LDL Particle Number. J. Clin. Lipidol. 5, 105\u2013113 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"53323_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-004-0054-z","volume":"4","author":"M Nowak","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nowak, M. et al. Changes in lipid metabolism in women with age-related macular degeneration. Clin. Exp. Med. 4, 183\u2013187 (2005).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"53323_CR18","first-page":"98","volume":"13","author":"MH Davari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Davari, M. H., Gheitasi, H., Yaghobi, G. & Heydari, B. Correlation between serum lipids and age-related macular degeneration: a case-control study. J. Res. Health Sci. 13, 98\u2013101 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Res. Health Sci."},{"key":"53323_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.07.009","volume":"117","author":"R Reynolds","year":"2010","unstructured":"Reynolds, R., Rosner, B. & Seddon, J. M. Serum lipid biomarkers and hepatic lipase gene associations with age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 117, 1989\u20131995 (2010).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"53323_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2014.03.002","volume":"0","author":"IA Pikuleva","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pikuleva, I. A. & Curcio, C. A. Cholesterol in the retina: the best is yet to come. Prog Retin Eye Res. 0, 64\u201389 (2014).","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"53323_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8818","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228818","volume":"21","author":"D Koirala","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koirala, D., Beranova-Giorgianni, S. & Giorgianni, F. Early Transcriptomic Response to OxLDL in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. IJMS 21, 8818 (2020).","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"53323_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.03.002","volume":"60","author":"S Datta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Datta, S., Cano, M., Ebrahimi, K., Wang, L. & Handa, J. T. The impact of oxidative stress and inflammation on RPE degeneration in non-neovascular. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 60, 201\u2013218 (2017).","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"53323_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-011-6341-5","volume":"25","author":"S Mitra","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mitra, S., Goyal, T., Mehta, J. L. & Oxidized, L. D. L. LOX-1 and atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. 25, 419\u2013429 (2011).","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"53323_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4128","volume":"229","author":"KB Ebrahimi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ebrahimi, K. B., Fijalkowski, N., Cano, M. & Handa, J. T. Decreased membrane complement regulators in the retinal pigmented epithelium contributes to age-related macular degeneration. J. Pathol. 229, 729\u2013742 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"53323_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31822529b1","volume":"32","author":"A Javadzadeh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Javadzadeh A, Ghorbanihaghjo A, Bahreini E, Rashtchizadeh N, Argani H, Alizadeh S. Serum paraoxonase phenotype distribution in exudative age-related macular degeneration and its relationship to homocysteine and oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Retina. 32, 658-66 (2012).\u00a0\u00a0","journal-title":"RETINA"},{"key":"53323_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.05.003","volume":"35","author":"A Biesemeier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Biesemeier, A., Taubitz, T., Julien, S., Yoeruek, E. & Schraermeyer, U. Choriocapillaris breakdown precedes retinal degeneration in age-related macular degeneration. Neurobiol. Aging. 35, 2562\u20132573 (2014).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"53323_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6476","volume":"52","author":"RF Mullins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mullins, R. F., Johnson, M. N., Faidley, E. A., Skeie, J. M. & Huang, J. Choriocapillaris Vascular Dropout Related to Density of Drusen in Human Eyes with Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52, 1606 (2011).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"53323_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002906","volume":"41","author":"I Byon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Byon, I., Ji, Y., Alagorie, A. R., Tiosano, L. & Sadda, S. R. Topographic assessment of choriocapillaris flow deficits in the intermediate age-related macular degeneration eyes with hyporeflective cores inside drusen. Retina 41, 393\u2013401 (2021).","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"53323_CR29","first-page":"1135","volume":"25","author":"GE Korte","year":"1984","unstructured":"Korte, G. E., Reppucci, V. & Henkind, P. RPE destruction causes choriocapillary atrophy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 25, 1135\u20131145 (1984).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"53323_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4982","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3639","volume":"50","author":"DS McLeod","year":"2009","unstructured":"McLeod, D. S. et al. Relationship between RPE and Choriocapillaris in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50, 4982\u20134991 (2009).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"53323_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2006.10.012","volume":"84","author":"JJ Salazar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Salazar, J. J. et al. Alterations in the choroid in hypercholesterolemic rabbits: reversibility after normalization of cholesterol levels. Exp. Eye Res. 84, 412\u2013422 (2007).","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"53323_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2007.01.004","volume":"47","author":"X Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen, X. et al. Oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 mediates oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: role of reactive oxygen species. Vascul Pharmacol. 47, 1\u20139 (2007).","journal-title":"Vascul Pharmacol."},{"key":"53323_CR33","first-page":"430","volume":"1862","author":"JT Handa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Handa, J. T., Cano, M., Wang, L., Datta, S. & Liu, T. Lipids, oxidized lipids, oxidation-specific epitopes, and Age-related Macular Degeneration. Biochim. et Biophys. Acta (BBA) - Mol. Cell. Biology Lipids. 1862, 430\u2013440 (2017).","journal-title":"Biochim. et Biophys. Acta (BBA) - Mol. Cell. Biology Lipids"},{"key":"53323_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368957","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1368957","volume":"18","author":"X Hou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hou, X. et al. Changes in the retina and choroid in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Neurosci. 18, 1368957 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"53323_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.11.010","volume":"111","author":"SC Tomany","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tomany, S. C. et al. Risk factors for incident age-related macular degeneration: pooled findings from 3 continents. Ophthalmology 111, 1280\u20131287 (2004).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"53323_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2024-326416","volume":"109","author":"K Overbey","year":"2025","unstructured":"Overbey, K. et al. Choriocapillaris impairment in dry AMD: insights from swept-source OCT angiography and associations with structural biomarkers. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 109, 1020\u20131027 (2025).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"53323_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.08.001","volume":"51","author":"AW Stitt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stitt, A. W. et al. The progress in understanding and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 51, 156\u2013186 (2016).","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53323-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53323-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53323-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T22:30:27Z","timestamp":1785709827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53323-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,24]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["53323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-53323-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval for this study was obtained from the \u201cClinical Research Ethics Committee, Daye People\u2019s hospital of Hubei Province.\u201d","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The publication of all data in this study was approved by the subjects.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"23734"}}