{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T00:43:01Z","timestamp":1794012181922,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":70,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-53443-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T07:15:19Z","timestamp":1779779719000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Enhancing sleep slow waves with auditory stimulation in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized proof-of-concept trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Simon J.","family":"Schreiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Horlacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Fattinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Markert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klavs","family":"Renerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luzius","family":"Brogli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"K\u00e4mpf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Scandella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rositsa","family":"Poryazova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp O.","family":"Valko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ferster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renske","family":"Sassenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Jaramillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Da Poian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Lustenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Karlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reto","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian R.","family":"Baumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelina","family":"Maric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"53443_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25945","volume":"29","author":"T Pringsheim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pringsheim, T., Jette, N., Frolkis, A. & Steeves, T. D. The prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov. Disord. 29, 1583\u20131590 (2014).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"53443_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.3299","volume":"75","author":"ER Dorsey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dorsey, E. R. & Bloem, B. R. The Parkinson Pandemic\u2014A call to actionthe Parkinson Pandemicthe Parkinson Pandemic. JAMA Neurol. 75, 9\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.3299 (2018).","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"53443_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30299-5","volume":"16","author":"VL Feigin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Feigin, V. L. et al. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Neurol. 16, 877\u2013897 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"53443_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23462","volume":"26","author":"P Martinez-Martin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martinez-Martin, P., Rodriguez-Blazquez, C., Kurtis, M. M., Chaudhuri, K. R., N. V. G. The impact of non-motor symptoms on health-related quality of life of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 26, 399\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.23462 (2011).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"53443_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0448-y","volume":"45","author":"A Stefani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stefani, A. & H\u00f6gl, B. Sleep in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuropsychopharmacology 45, 121\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-019-0448-y (2020).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"53443_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.269","volume":"10","author":"YE Ju","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ju, Y. E., Lucey, B. P. & Holtzman, D. M. Sleep and Alzheimer Disease pathology\u2013A bidirectional relationship. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 10, 115\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.269 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"53443_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.05.002","volume":"39","author":"BA Mander","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mander, B. A., Winer, J. R., Jagust, W. J. & Walker, M. P. Sleep: A novel mechanistic pathway, biomarker, and treatment target in the pathology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease?. Trends Neurosci. 39, 552\u2013566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2016.05.002 (2016).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"53443_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bellesi, M., Riedner, B. A., Garcia-Molina, G. N., Cirelli, C. & Tononi, G. Enhancement of sleep slow waves: underlying mechanisms and practical consequences. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 8 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00208 (2014).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00208"},{"key":"53443_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2019.11.002","volume":"15","author":"RG Malkani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Malkani, R. G. & Zee, P. C. Brain stimulation for improving sleep and memory. Sleep Med. Clin. 15, 101\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsmc.2019.11.002 (2020).","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Clin."},{"key":"53443_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee, Y. F., Gerashchenko, D., Timofeev, I., Bacskai, B. J. & Kastanenka, K. V. Slow wave sleep is a promising intervention target for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Front. Neurosci. 705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2020.00705 (2020).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00705"},{"key":"53443_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vyazovskiy, V. V. & Harris, K. D. Sleep and the single neuron: The role of global slow oscillations in individual cell rest. Nat Rev Neurosci 443\u2013451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn3494 (2013).","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3494"},{"key":"53443_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gorgoni, M. & Galbiati, A. Non-REM sleep electrophysiology in REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder: A narrative mini-review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 104909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104909 (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104909"},{"key":"53443_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa160","author":"JS Sunwoo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sunwoo, J. S. et al. NREM Sleep EEG Oscillations in Idiopathic REM Sleep Behavior Disorder: A study of sleep spindles and slow oscillations. Sleep https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa160 (2020).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"53443_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brunner, H. et al. Microstructure of the non-rapid eye movement sleep electroencephalogram in patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson\u2019s disease: Effects of dopaminergic treatment. Mov. Disord. 928\u2013933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.10242 (2002).","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10242"},{"key":"53443_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.03.011","volume":"6","author":"NJ Diederich","year":"2005","unstructured":"Diederich, N. J., Vaillant, M., Mancuso, G., Lyen, P. & Tiete, J. Progressive sleep \u201cdestructuring\u201d in Parkinson\u2019s disease. A polysomnographic study in 46 patients. Sleep Med 313\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.03.011 (2005).","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"53443_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22381-z","volume":"12","author":"A Davin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Davin, A. et al. Early onset of sleep\/wake disturbances in a progressive macaque model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Sci Rep 17499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-22381-z (2022).","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"53443_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac165","author":"SJ Schreiner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schreiner, S. J. et al. Sleep spindle and slow wave activity in Parkinson disease with excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleep https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsac165 (2022).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"53443_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25360","volume":"84","author":"N Amato","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amato, N. et al. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson disease: Sleep matters. Ann. Neurol. 84, 905\u2013917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.25360 (2018).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"53443_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-202215","author":"KH Wood","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wood, K. H. et al. Slow Wave Sleep and EEG Delta Spectral Power are Associated with Cognitive Function in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. J. Parkinson\u2019s disease. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jpd-202215 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Parkinson\u2019s disease"},{"key":"53443_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.618101","author":"SJ Schreiner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schreiner, S. J. et al. Reduced regional NREM sleep slow-wave activity is associated with cognitive impairment in Parkinson Disease. Front. Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.618101 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"53443_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae233","author":"L Meinhold","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meinhold, L. et al. T2 MRI visible Perivascular Spaces in Parkinson`s Disease: clinical significance and association with polysomnography measured sleep. Sleep https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsae233 (2024).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"53443_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1338624","volume":"18","author":"AK Verma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Verma, A. K. et al. Slow-wave sleep dysfunction in mild parkinsonism is associated with excessive beta and reduced delta oscillations in motor cortex. Front. Neurosci. 18, 1338624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2024.1338624 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"53443_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46002-7","volume":"15","author":"MF Anjum","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anjum, M. F. et al. Multi-night cortico-basal recordings reveal mechanisms of NREM slow-wave suppression and spontaneous awakenings in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Nat. Commun. 15, 1793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-46002-7 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"53443_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25459","volume":"85","author":"SJ Schreiner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schreiner, S. J. et al. Slow-wave sleep and motor progression in Parkinson disease. Ann. Neurol. 85, 765\u2013770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.25459 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"53443_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.06.020","author":"P Bugalho","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bugalho, P. et al. Polysomnographic predictors of sleep, motor and cognitive dysfunction progression in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: a longitudinal study. Sleep Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.06.020 (2020).","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"53443_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51975","volume":"11","author":"J Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, J. et al. Correlation of slow-wave sleep with motor and nonmotor progression in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 11, 554\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acn3.51975 (2024).","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"53443_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.02.003","volume":"115","author":"M-X Tao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tao, M.-X. et al. Slow-wave sleep and REM sleep without atonia predict motor progression in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Sleep Med. 115, 155\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.02.003 (2024).","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"53443_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.3171","volume":"75","author":"F B\u00fcchele","year":"2018","unstructured":"B\u00fcchele, F. et al. Sodium oxybate for excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep disturbance in Parkinson disease: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 75, 114\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.3171 (2018).","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"53443_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abe7099","volume":"13","author":"MM Morawska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morawska, M. M. et al. Slow-wave sleep affects synucleinopathy and regulates proteostatic processes in mouse models of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Sci. Transl. Med. 13, eabe7099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.abe7099 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"53443_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241224","volume":"342","author":"L Xie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xie, L. et al. Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science 342, 373\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1241224 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6429","key":"53443_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav2546","volume":"363","author":"JK Holth","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holth, J. K. et al. The sleep-wake cycle regulates brain interstitial fluid tau in mice and CSF tau in humans. Science eaav2546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aav2546 (2019).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"53443_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1180962","volume":"326","author":"JE Kang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kang, J. E. et al. Amyloid-beta dynamics are regulated by orexin and the sleep-wake cycle. Science 326, 1005\u20131007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1180962 (2009).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"53443_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx148","volume":"140","author":"Y-E Ju","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ju, Y.-E. et al. Slow wave sleep disruption increases cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-\u03b2 levels. Brain 140, 2104\u20132111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awx148 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"53443_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Olsson, M., Arlig, J., Hedner, J., Blennow, K. & Zetterberg, H. Sleep deprivation and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Sleep 41 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsy025 (2018).","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy025"},{"key":"53443_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101438","volume":"58","author":"KD Feher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feher, K. D. et al. Shaping the slow waves of sleep: A systematic and integrative review of sleep slow wave modulation in humans using non-invasive brain stimulation. Sleep Med. Rev. 58, 101438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101438 (2021).","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"53443_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.03.006","volume":"78","author":"H-VV Ngo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ngo, H.-V.V., Martinetz, T., Born, J. & M\u00f6lle, M. Auditory closed-loop stimulation of the sleep slow oscillation enhances memory. Neuron 78, 545\u2013553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.03.006 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"53443_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15405","volume":"8","author":"S Fattinger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fattinger, S. et al. Deep sleep maintains learning efficiency of the human brain. Nat. Commun. 8, 15405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms15405 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"53443_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.12.007","volume":"169","author":"C Lustenberger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lustenberger, C. et al. High-density EEG characterization of brain responses to auditory rhythmic stimuli during wakefulness and NREM sleep. Neuroimage 169, 57\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.12.007 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"53443_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02170-3","volume":"8","author":"L Besedovsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Besedovsky, L. et al. Auditory closed-loop stimulation of EEG slow oscillations strengthens sleep and signs of its immune-supportive function. Nat. Commun. 8, 1984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-017-02170-3 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"53443_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afad228","author":"M Wunderlin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wunderlin, M. et al. Acoustic stimulation during sleep predicts long-lasting increases in memory performance and beneficial amyloid response in older adults. Age Ageing https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afad228 (2023).","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"53443_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-024-01195-z","author":"CJ Zeller","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zeller, C. J. et al. Multi-night acoustic stimulation is associated with better sleep, amyloid dynamics, and memory in older adults with cognitive impairment. GeroScience https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-024-01195-z (2024).","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"53443_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/LSENS.2019.2914425","volume":"3","author":"ML Ferster","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferster, M. L., Lustenberger, C. & Karlen, W. Configurable mobile system for autonomous high-quality sleep monitoring and closed-loop acoustic stimulation. IEEE Sens. Lett. 3, 1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LSENS.2019.2914425 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. Lett."},{"key":"53443_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-022-00096-6","volume":"2","author":"C Lustenberger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lustenberger, C. et al. Auditory deep sleep stimulation in older adults at home: A randomized crossover trial. Commun. Med. 2, 30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-022-00096-6 (2022).","journal-title":"Commun. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"53443_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13818","volume":"32","author":"CJ Zeller","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zeller, C. J., Z\u00fcst, M. A., Wunderlin, M., Nissen, C. & Kl\u00f6ppel, S. The promise of portable remote auditory stimulation tools to enhance slow-wave sleep and prevent cognitive decline. J. Sleep Res. e13818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.13818 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"53443_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.796","volume":"6","author":"NA Papalambros","year":"2019","unstructured":"Papalambros, N. A. et al. Acoustic enhancement of sleep slow oscillations in mild cognitive impairment. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 6, 1191\u20131201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acn3.796 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"53443_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00109","volume":"11","author":"NA Papalambros","year":"2017","unstructured":"Papalambros, N. A. et al. Acoustic enhancement of sleep slow oscillations and concomitant memory improvement in older adults. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 11, 109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00109 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"53443_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa111","author":"J Schneider","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schneider, J., Lewis, P. A., Koester, D., Born, J. & Ngo, H. V. Susceptibility to auditory closed-loop stimulation of sleep slow oscillations changes with age. Sleep https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa111 (2020).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"53443_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17359","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2001560117","volume":"117","author":"AD Mizrahi-Kliger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mizrahi-Kliger, A. D., Kaplan, A., Israel, Z., Deffains, M. & Bergman, H. Basal ganglia beta oscillations during sleep underlie Parkinsonian insomnia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, 17359\u201317368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2001560117 (2020).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"53443_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28562","volume":"36","author":"H Zahed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zahed, H. et al. The neurophysiology of sleep in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Mov. Disord. 36, 1526\u20131542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.28562 (2021).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"53443_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2020.101281","volume":"51","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Sleep in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of polysomnographic findings. Sleep Med. Rev. 51, 101281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2020.101281 (2020).","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"53443_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-223565","volume":"13","author":"AA Memon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Memon, A. A. et al. Quantitative sleep electroencephalogram in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A case-control study. J. Parkinsons Dis. 13, 351\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jpd-223565 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"53443_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.06.026","volume":"24","author":"M-L Muntean","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muntean, M.-L. et al. Clinically relevant cut-off values for the Parkinson\u2019s Disease Sleep Scale-2 (PDSS-2): A validation study. Sleep Med. 24, 87\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.06.026 (2016).","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"53443_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23476","volume":"26","author":"C Trenkwalder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Trenkwalder, C. et al. Parkinson\u2019s Disease Sleep Scale\u2014Validation of the revised version PDSS-2. Mov. Disord. 26, 644\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.23476 (2011).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"53443_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.08.017","author":"JR Winer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Winer, J. R. et al. Sleep disturbance forecasts \u03b2-Amyloid accumulation across subsequent years. Curr. Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2020.08.017 (2020).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"53443_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau6550","author":"BP Lucey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lucey, B. P. et al. Reduced non-rapid eye movement sleep is associated with tau pathology in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Sci. Transl. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau6550 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"53443_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.09.058","volume":"30","author":"HV Ngo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ngo, H. V., Claassen, J. & Dresler, M. Sleep: Slow wave activity predicts Amyloid-\u03b2 accumulation. Current biology\u202f: CB 30, R1371-r1373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2020.09.058 (2020).","journal-title":"Current biology : CB"},{"key":"53443_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13385","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13385","volume":"31","author":"EC Stanyer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stanyer, E. C. et al. The impact of acoustic stimulation during sleep on memory and sleep architecture: A meta-analysis. J. Sleep. Res. 31, e13385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.13385 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res."},{"key":"53443_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26604","volume":"93","author":"C Andre","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andre, C. et al. Rapid eye movement sleep, neurodegeneration, and amyloid deposition in aging. Ann. Neurol. 93, 979\u2013990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.26604 (2023).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"53443_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.7.1019","volume":"58","author":"I Arnulf","year":"2002","unstructured":"Arnulf, I. et al. Parkinson\u2019s disease and sleepiness: an integral part of PD. Neurology 58, 1019\u20131024 (2002).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"53443_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.4598","volume":"11","author":"RK Bogan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bogan, R. K., Roth, T., Schwartz, J. & Miloslavsky, M. Time to response with sodium oxybate for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 11, 427\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.4598 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"53443_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105379","volume":"153","author":"MJ Esfahani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Esfahani, M. J. et al. Closed-loop auditory stimulation of sleep slow oscillations: Basic principles and best practices. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 153, 105379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105379 (2023).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"53443_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.03.022","volume":"318","author":"K Suzuki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Suzuki, K. et al. Nocturnal disturbances and restlessness in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Using the Japanese version of the Parkinson\u2019s disease sleep scale-2. J. Neurol. Sci. 318, 76\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2012.03.022 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"53443_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.002","author":"L Van den Bulcke","year":"2024","unstructured":"Van den Bulcke, L. et al. Acoustic Stimulation to Improve Slow-Wave Sleep in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Multiple Night At-Home Intervention. Am. J. Geriatric Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.07.002 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"53443_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13584","volume":"31","author":"M Wunderlin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wunderlin, M., Koenig, T., Zeller, C., Nissen, C. & Z\u00fcst, M. A. Automatized online prediction of slow-wave peaks during non-rapid eye movement sleep in young and old individuals: Why we should not always rely on amplitude thresholds. J. Sleep Res. 31, e13584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.13584 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"53443_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2022.3157468","author":"ML Ferster","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ferster, M. L. et al. Benchmarking real-time algorithms for in-phase auditory stimulation of low amplitude slow waves with wearable EEG devices during sleep. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2022.3157468 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"53443_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.06.007","volume":"17","author":"E Krugliakova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Krugliakova, E. et al. Exploring the local field potential signal from the subthalamic nucleus for phase-targeted auditory stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain Stimul. 17, 769\u2013779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2024.06.007 (2024).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"53443_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21198","volume":"22","author":"CG Goetz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Goetz, C. G. et al. Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): Process, format, and clinimetric testing plan. Mov. Disord. 22, 41\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.21198 (2007).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"53443_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25037","volume":"27","author":"RB Postuma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Postuma, R. B. et al. A single-question screen for rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: A multicenter validation study. Mov. Disord. 27, 913\u2013916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.25037 (2012).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"53443_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","volume":"30","author":"RB Postuma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Postuma, R. B. et al. MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 30, 1591\u20131601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26424 (2015).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"53443_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12347","volume":"131","author":"K Suzuki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Suzuki, K. et al. Evaluation of cutoff scores for the Parkinson\u2019s disease sleep scale-2. Acta Neurol. Scand. 131, 426\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ane.12347 (2015).","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"53443_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.08.001","volume":"35","author":"LM Chahine","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chahine, L. M., Amara, A. W. & Videnovic, A. A systematic review of the literature on disorders of sleep and wakefulness in Parkinson\u2019s disease from 2005 to 2015. Sleep Med. Rev. 35, 33\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.08.001 (2017).","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"53443_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00170-4","volume":"23","author":"A Iranzo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iranzo, A., Cochen De Cock, V., Fantini, M. L., P\u00e9rez-Carbonell, L. & Trotti, L. M. Sleep and sleep disorders in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet Neurol. 23, 925\u2013937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00170-4 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"53443_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.10262","volume":"19","author":"T Gomes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gomes, T. et al. Validation of STOP, STOP-BANG, STOP-BAG, STOP-B28, and GOAL screening tools for identification of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with Parkinson disease. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 19, 45\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.10262 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"53443_CR74","unstructured":"Medicine, A. A. & o. S. International classification of sleep disordersDarien, IL,. (2014)."},{"key":"53443_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brunner, C., Delorme, A. & Makeig, S. Eeglab - an Open Source Matlab Toolbox for Electrophysiological Research. Biomed. Tech. (Berl). 58 (Suppl 1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/bmt-2013-4182 (2013).","DOI":"10.1515\/bmt-2013-4182"},{"key":"53443_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","volume":"134","author":"A Delorme","year":"2004","unstructured":"Delorme, A. & Makeig, S. EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. J. Neurosci. Methods 134, 9\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"53443_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200010200-00012","volume":"11","author":"R Huber","year":"2000","unstructured":"Huber, R. et al. Exposure to pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field during waking affects human sleep EEG. Neuroreport 11, 3321\u20133325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00001756-200010200-00012 (2000).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"53443_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4820","volume":"38","author":"C Lustenberger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lustenberger, C., Wehrle, F., T\u00fcshaus, L., Achermann, P. & Huber, R. The multidimensional aspects of sleep spindles and their relationship to word-pair memory consolidation. Sleep 38, 1093\u20131103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5665\/sleep.4820 (2015).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"53443_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.12.1643","volume":"30","author":"BA Riedner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Riedner, B. A. et al. Sleep homeostasis and cortical synchronization: III. A high-density EEG study of sleep slow waves in humans. Sleep 30, 1643\u20131657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/30.12.1643 (2007).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"53443_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa038","author":"V Jaramillo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jaramillo, V. et al. Characterization of overnight slow-wave slope changes across development in an age-, amplitude-, and region-dependent manner. Sleep https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa038 (2020).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"53443_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Halekoh, U., H\u00f8jsgaard, S. A. & Kenward-Roger Approximation and Parametric Bootstrap Methods for Tests in Linear Mixed Models - The R Package pbkrtest. J. Stat. Softw. 59 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v059.i09 (2014).","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v059.i09"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53443-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53443-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53443-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:05:18Z","timestamp":1785848718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53443-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["53443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-53443-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors SJS, AM, CL, SF, VJ, KL, LB, LK, MS, RP, PV, BM, and RS declare no competing interests. The authors CRB, RH, and WK are founders and shareholders, GDP is board member, and LF is employee of Tosoo AG that has licensed the PTAS technology used in this work.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"23984"}}