{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T23:04:02Z","timestamp":1789686242403,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":86,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-53515-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T12:53:27Z","timestamp":1782305607000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the therapeutic potential of tamoxifen conjugated ZnO nanoparticles for cancer treatment"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Eqra","family":"Farooq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asma","family":"Irshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uzair","family":"Ishtiaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qudsia","family":"Mushtaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Spalletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovic","family":"Chaveriat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahira","family":"Batool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabbia","family":"Jawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"53515_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.32350\/cpr.12.04","volume":"1","author":"T Perveen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Perveen, T. et al. Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Breast Cancer Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Currents Pharm. Res. 1 (2), 88\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32350\/cpr.12.04 (2023).","journal-title":"Currents Pharm. Res."},{"issue":"16","key":"53515_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4610","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164610","volume":"13","author":"MC Winkler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Winkler, M. C. & Hetjens, S. Risk factors and preventive measures for breast cancer. J. Clin. Med. 13 (16), 4610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13164610 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"53515_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215013272110583","DOI":"10.1177\/21501327211058322","volume":"13","author":"LJ Grimm","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grimm, L. J., Avery, C. S., Hendrick, E. & Baker, J. A. Benefits and risks of mammography screening in women ages 40 to 49 years. J. Prim. care community health. 13, 21501327211058322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21501327211058322 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Prim. care community health"},{"issue":"21","key":"53515_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5334","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14215334","volume":"14","author":"M Madani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Madani, M., Behzadi, M. M. & Nabavi, S. The role of deep learning in advancing breast cancer detection using different imaging modalities: A systematic review. Cancers 14 (21), 5334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14215334 (2022).","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"1","key":"53515_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-023-00557-8","volume":"23","author":"D Lother","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lother, D. et al. Imaging in metastatic breast cancer, CT, PET\/CT, MRI, WB-DWI, CCA: review and new perspectives. Cancer Imaging. 23 (1), 53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40644-023-00557-8 (2023).","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"issue":"12","key":"53515_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-022-01817-6","volume":"39","author":"S Asgari-Karchekani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Asgari-Karchekani, S., Aryannejad, A., Mousavi, S. A., Shahsavarhaghighi, S. & Tavangar, S. M. The role of HER2 alterations in clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of breast cancer and HER2-targeted therapies: a comprehensive review. Med. Oncol. 39 (12), 210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12032-022-01817-6 (2022).","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"53515_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12815","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39046-0","volume":"13","author":"YE Kang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kang, Y. E. et al. Prevalence of cancer-related fatigue based on severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci. Rep. 13 (1), 12815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-39046-0 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"53515_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-02198-8","volume":"16","author":"A Zafar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zafar, A., Khatoon, S., Khan, M. J., Abu, J. & Naeem, A. Advancements and limitations in traditional anti-cancer therapies: a comprehensive review of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and hormonal therapy. Discover Oncol. 16 (1), 607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12672-025-02198-8 (2025).","journal-title":"Discover Oncol."},{"issue":"7","key":"53515_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202419191","volume":"137","author":"K Dou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dou, K. et al. Metabolic Acidity\/H2O2 Dual-Cascade\u2010Activatable Molecular Imaging Platform Toward Metastatic Breast Tumor Malignancy. Angew. Chem. 137 (7), e. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ange.202419191 (2025).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"53515_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Szupryczy\u0144ski, K., Czele\u0144, P., Jeli\u0144ski, T. & Szefler, B. What is the Reason That the Pharmacological Future of Chemotherapeutics in the Treatment of Lung Cancer Could Be Most Closely Related to Nanostructures? Platinum Drugs in Therapy of Non-Small and Small Cell Lung Cancer and Their Unexpected, Possible Interactions. The Review. Int. J. Nanomed. 9503\u20139547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJN.S469217 (2024).","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S469217"},{"issue":"23","key":"53515_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4894","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-23-1248","volume":"29","author":"H Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim, H. et al. Tamoxifen Response at Single-Cell Resolution in Estrogen Receptor\u2013Positive Primary Human Breast Tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. 29 (23), 4894\u20134907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-23-1248 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"53515_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e","DOI":"10.1200\/EDBK-25-473384","volume":"45","author":"A LeVee","year":"2025","unstructured":"LeVee, A. et al. New drugs, new toxicities: side effects of new and emerging breast cancer therapies. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. Educational Book. 45 (3), e. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/EDBK-25-473384 (2025).","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. Educational Book."},{"issue":"13","key":"53515_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4932","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28134932","volume":"28","author":"P Szczyglewska","year":"2023","unstructured":"Szczyglewska, P., Feliczak-Guzik, A. & Nowak, I. Nanotechnology\u2013general aspects: A chemical reduction approach to the synthesis of nanoparticles. Molecules 28 (13), 4932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28134932 (2023).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"6","key":"53515_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7081","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-021-06344-6","volume":"47","author":"C Sakthivel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sakthivel, C., Nivetha, A. & Prabha, I. Evaluation on synthesis and catalytic properties of ZnO enriched MgO nanomaterials using Limonia Acidissima as effective green substrate. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 47 (6), 7081\u20137091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13369-021-06344-6 (2022).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"53515_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shafique, S. et al. Reimagine breast cancer treatment: MgO-IDA nanocomposites: A promising strategy for precision medicine targeting MCF-7 cells. Results Chem. 102660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rechem.2025.102660 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2025.102660"},{"issue":"1","key":"53515_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3390\/app15063189","volume":"20","author":"N Joudeh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Joudeh, N. & Linke, D. Nanoparticle classification, physicochemical properties, characterization, and applications: a comprehensive review for biologists. J. Nanobiotechnol. 20 (1), 262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app15063189 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"issue":"31","key":"53515_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21365","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA02969G","volume":"13","author":"L Hong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hong, L., Li, W., Li, Y. & Yin, S. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems targeting cancer cell surfaces. RSC Adv. 13 (31), 21365\u201321382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D3RA02969G (2023).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"53515_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122064","volume":"625","author":"C Movileanu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Movileanu, C. et al. Folic acid-decorated PEGylated magnetite nanoparticles as efficient drug carriers to tumor cells overexpressing folic acid receptor. Int. J. Pharm. 625, 122064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122064 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"issue":"1","key":"53515_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-023-03943-0","volume":"18","author":"G Unnikrishnan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Unnikrishnan, G., Joy, A., Megha, M., Kolanthai, E. & Senthilkumar, M. Exploration of inorganic nanoparticles for revolutionary drug delivery applications: a critical review. Discover Nano. 18 (1), 157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11671-023-03943-0 (2023).","journal-title":"Discover Nano"},{"issue":"25","key":"53515_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6257","DOI":"10.1039\/D4TB00615A","volume":"12","author":"MM Swidan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Swidan, M. M., Marzook, F. & Sakr, T. M. pH-Sensitive doxorubicin delivery using zinc oxide nanoparticles as a rectified theranostic platform: in vitro anti-proliferative, apoptotic, cell cycle arrest and in vivo radio-distribution studies. J. Mater. Chem. B. 12 (25), 6257\u20136274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D4TB00615A (2024).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"53515_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.135039","volume":"435","author":"QT Hoang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hoang, Q. T. et al. Piezoelectric Au-decorated ZnO nanorods: Ultrasound-triggered generation of ROS for piezocatalytic cancer therapy. Chem. Eng. J. 435, 135039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2022.135039 (2022).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"9","key":"53515_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13091500","volume":"13","author":"J Xie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xie, J. et al. Recent advances in ZnO nanomaterial-mediated biological applications and action mechanisms. Nanomaterials 13 (9), 1500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano13091500 (2023).","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"53515_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. et al. Cancer metabolism: the role of ROS in DNA damage and induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. Metabolites 13 (7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo13070796 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13070796"},{"issue":"4","key":"53515_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8040388","volume":"8","author":"A Almatroudi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Almatroudi, A. et al. Antibacterial, antibiofilm and anticancer activity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles using seed extract of Nigella sativa. Processes 8 (4), 388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pr8040388 (2020).","journal-title":"Processes"},{"issue":"12","key":"53515_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00358","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00358-24","volume":"68","author":"P Hassani-Abharian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hassani-Abharian, P., Hejazi Dehaghani, S., Shahmoradi, Z. & Hejazi, S. H. Therapeutic effect of topical tamoxifen in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 68 (12), e00358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00358-24 (2024).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"23","key":"53515_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13738","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.205260","volume":"15","author":"J Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu, J. et al. Involvement of RFC3 in tamoxifen resistance in ER-positive breast cancer through the cell cycle. Aging 15 (23), 13738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/aging.205260 (2023).","journal-title":"Aging"},{"issue":"16","key":"53515_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.00069","volume":"40","author":"F Andre","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andre, F. et al. Biomarkers for adjuvant endocrine and chemotherapy in early-stage breast cancer: ASCO guideline update. J. Clin. Oncol. 40 (16), 1816\u20131837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.22.00069 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"2","key":"53515_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002214","volume":"111","author":"H Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, H. et al. Pharmacovigilance insights into medication-induced risk of dural arteriovenous fistula. Int. J. Surg. 111 (2), 1847\u20131859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002214 (2025).","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"53515_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2024.124721","volume":"321","author":"N Puvvada","year":"2024","unstructured":"Puvvada, N. et al. Biocompatible fluorescent carbon nanoparticles as nanocarriers for targeted delivery of tamoxifen for regression of Breast carcinoma. Spectrochimica Acta Part. A: Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 321, 124721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.saa.2024.124721 (2024).","journal-title":"Spectrochimica Acta Part. A: Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"53515_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Irshad, A. et al. Unveiling the power of TiO2 doped ZnO nanomaterial as an effective antimicrobial solution in the leather industry. Heliyon 10 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e38414 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e38414"},{"issue":"4","key":"53515_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2020.05.004","volume":"9","author":"R Perveen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perveen, R. et al. Green versus sol-gel synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and antimicrobial activity evaluation against panel of pathogens. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 9 (4), 7817\u20137827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmrt.2020.05.004 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"53515_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.130694","volume":"263","author":"R Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, R. et al. Albumin-coated green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoflowers inhibit skin melanoma cells growth via intra-cellular oxidative stress. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 263, 130694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.130694 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"1","key":"53515_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bpaf","DOI":"10.1093\/biomethods\/bpaf066","volume":"10","author":"A Hemlata","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hemlata, A. et al. Engineered BSA nanoparticles: Synthesis, drug loading, and advanced characterization. Biology Methods Protocols. 10 (1), bpaf. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biomethods\/bpaf066 (2025).","journal-title":"Biology Methods Protocols"},{"issue":"6","key":"53515_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01186","volume":"21","author":"MG Fuster","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fuster, M. G., Wang, J., Fandi\u00f1o, O., V\u00edllora, G. & Paredes, A. J. Folic acid-decorated nanocrystals as highly loaded trojan horses to target cancer cells. Mol. Pharm. 21 (6), 2781\u20132794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01186 (2024).","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"issue":"1","key":"53515_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-025-04658-4","volume":"83","author":"A Irshad","year":"2026","unstructured":"Irshad, A. et al. Efficacy Enhancement of Cefepime with Lemon Leaf-Reduced Silver Nanoparticles against Drug-Resistant Bacteria. Curr. Microbiol. 83 (1), 75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00284-025-04658-4 (2026).","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"53515_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175817","DOI":"10.1080\/17458080.2023.2175817","volume":"18","author":"TH Flemban","year":"2023","unstructured":"Flemban, T. H. Synthesis, characterization, and analysis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using varying pulsed laser ablation energies in liquid. J. Exp. Nanosci. 18 (1), 2175817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17458080.2023.2175817 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Nanosci."},{"key":"53515_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Iram, Z. et al. Nature-Inspired Antimicrobial Agents: Cinnamon-Derived Copper Oxide Nanoparticles for Effective Aspergillus Niger Control. Current Microbiology, 82(1): p. 19 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00284-024-04000-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-024-04000-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"53515_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-83506-0","volume":"15","author":"A Irshad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Irshad, A. et al. Determination of antibacterial and antioxidant potential of organic crude extracts from Malus domestica, Cinnamomum verum and Trachyspermum ammi. Sci. Rep. 15 (1), 976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-83506-0 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"53515_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2021.06.004","volume":"100","author":"E Verger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Verger, E. et al. Validation of the plasmid study to relate DNA damaging effects of radionuclides to those from external beam radiotherapy. Nuclear Med. biology. 100, 36\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2021.06.004 (2021).","journal-title":"Nuclear Med. biology"},{"issue":"8","key":"53515_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-022-05763-x","volume":"233","author":"OS Alitalo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alitalo, O. S., Rantalainen, A. L. & Pellinen, J. Anticancer drugs gemcitabine, letrozole, and tamoxifen in municipal wastewater and their photodegradation in laboratory-scale UV experiments. Water Air Soil. Pollution. 233 (8), 292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11270-022-05763-x (2022).","journal-title":"Water Air Soil. Pollution"},{"issue":"7","key":"53515_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13071098","volume":"13","author":"AA Al-Jubori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Jubori, A. A. et al. Layer-by-layer nanoparticles of tamoxifen and resveratrol for dual drug delivery system and potential triple-negative breast cancer treatment. Pharmaceutics 13 (7), 1098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics13071098 (2021).","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"3","key":"53515_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-024-05102-2","volume":"197","author":"K Alam","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alam, K. et al. Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Biosynthesized from Butea monosperma Flowers and Glycyrrhiza glabra Roots and their Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 197 (3), 1630\u20131649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12010-024-05102-2 (2025).","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"53515_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-023-05141-5","volume":"15","author":"R Rajalakshmi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rajalakshmi, R. et al. Eco-friendly synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles\u2014an antibacterial agent. Biomass Convers. Biorefinery. 15 (1), 1013\u20131026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13399-023-05141-5 (2025).","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefinery"},{"issue":"8","key":"53515_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-020-04398-1","volume":"187","author":"AS Novikova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Novikova, A. S., Ponomaryova, \u0422. S. & Goryacheva, I. Y. Fluorescent AgInS\/ZnS quantum dots microplate and lateral flow immunoassays for folic acid determination in juice samples. Microchim. Acta. 187 (8), 427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00604-020-04398-1 (2020).","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"issue":"3","key":"53515_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2021.103658","volume":"15","author":"R Fouladi-Fard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fouladi-Fard, R., Aali, R., Mohammadi-Aghdam, S. & Mortazavi-derazkola, S. The surface modification of spherical ZnO with Ag nanoparticles: A novel agent, biogenic synthesis, catalytic and antibacterial activities. Arab. J. Chem. 15 (3), 103658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arabjc.2021.103658 (2022).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"53515_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.22034\/ajgc.2023.394268.1384","volume":"7","author":"F Karampour","year":"2023","unstructured":"Karampour, F. Green Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles from Echinophora Platyloba DC. Extract and HSA Interaction Study. Asian J. Green. Chem. 7, 149\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22034\/ajgc.2023.394268.1384 (2023).","journal-title":"Asian J. Green. Chem."},{"issue":"26","key":"53515_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28186","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c01489","volume":"9","author":"A Saif","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saif, A. et al. Comprehensive analysis of curcumin zinc oxide nanoparticles, synthesis, characterization, and cytogenotoxic profiling. ACS omega. 9 (26), 28186\u201328193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.4c01489 (2024).","journal-title":"ACS omega"},{"issue":"12","key":"53515_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5049","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-022-02540-z","volume":"30","author":"S Ayatollahi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ayatollahi, S., Karimi, E. & Tabrizi, M. H. Fabrication of bovine serum albumin coated ZnO nanoparticles loaded disogenin conjugated folate to improve the anti-cancer potential. J. Polym. Environ. 30 (12), 5049\u20135056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10924-022-02540-z (2022).","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"53515_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-025-06563-8","volume":"7","author":"B Ashwin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ashwin, B., Yardily, A. & Dennison, M. S. Microwave-assisted green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles: an experimental and computational investigation. Discover Appl. Sci. 7 (3), 1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42452-025-06563-8 (2025).","journal-title":"Discover Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"53515_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20780","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-05790-8","volume":"15","author":"SM Hosseini","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hosseini, S. M., Asadpour, S., Ghasemi, M. & Shirani, M. Efficient photocatalytic activity of ZnO\/GO\/CuO nanocomposite with solar light for reduction of hexavalent chromium. Sci. Rep. 15 (1), 20780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-05790-8 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"53515_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.5937\/zasmat2302213S","volume":"64","author":"S Sabzandam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sabzandam, S. et al. Investigating the therapeutic effect of folic acid conjugated ZnO nanoparticles on human triple negative breast cancer cell line. Zastita Materijala. 64 (2), 213\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5937\/zasmat2302213S (2023).","journal-title":"Zastita Materijala"},{"key":"53515_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.33263\/LIANBS101.18621870","volume":"10","author":"SKR Namasivayam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Namasivayam, S. K. R., Shyamsundar, D., Prabanch, M., Bharani, R. A. & Avinash, G. Inhibitory potential of molecular mechanism of pathogenesis with special reference to biofilm inhibition by chemogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles. Lett. Appl. Nanobiosci. 10, 1862\u20131870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33263\/LIANBS101.18621870 (2020).","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Nanobiosci."},{"key":"53515_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7602894\/v1","author":"L Akinboyewa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Akinboyewa, L., Afolabi, A., Adekoya, M., Olusola, O. & Oluyamo, S. Synthesis, Characterization and Potential Drug Delivery Applications of Polymer-Coated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Cancer-Targeted Therapy. Res. Square. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7602894\/v1 (2025).","journal-title":"Res. Square"},{"key":"53515_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dwivedi, S. D., Singh, D. & Singh, M. R. Revolutionizing Rheumatoid Arthritis Management: Glucocorticoid-Loaded, Folic Acid-Conjugated Piper nigrum-Based Zinc-Oxide Nanoparticles. Assay Drug Dev. Technol. 1540658X251393093. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1540658X251393093 (2025).","DOI":"10.1177\/1540658X251393093"},{"key":"53515_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456939","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2024.1456939","volume":"6","author":"PD Ly","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ly, P. D. et al. Recent advances in surface decoration of nanoparticles in drug delivery. Front. Nanatechnol. 6, 1456939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnano.2024.1456939 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Nanatechnol."},{"issue":"8","key":"53515_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-020-01490-0","volume":"30","author":"HEA Mohamed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohamed, H. E. A. et al. Structural, morphological and biological features of ZnO nanoparticles using Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart. fruits. J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater. 30 (8), 3241\u20133254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10904-020-01490-0 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"53515_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2020.102964","volume":"141","author":"A Ekennia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ekennia, A. et al. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extracts of Alchornea laxiflora and its tyrosinase inhibition and catalytic studies. Micron 141, 102964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micron.2020.102964 (2021).","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"53515_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Almoneef, M. M. et al. Exploring the multi-faceted potential: Synthesized ZnO nanostructure\u2013Characterization, photocatalysis, and crucial biomedical applications. Heliyon 10 (12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32714 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32714"},{"issue":"6","key":"53515_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1080\/02726351.2022.2145587","volume":"41","author":"J Agnes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Agnes, J. et al. Preparation and characterization studies of chitosan encapsulated ZnO nanoparticles modified with folic acid and their antibacterial activity against selected bacterial species. Part. Sci. Technol. 41 (6), 774\u2013784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02726351.2022.2145587 (2023).","journal-title":"Part. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"53515_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3016","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27093016","volume":"27","author":"F Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, F. et al. Construction of enzyme-responsive micelles based on theranostic zwitterionic conjugated bottlebrush copolymers with brush-on-brush architecture for cell imaging and anticancer drug delivery. Molecules 27 (9), 3016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27093016 (2022).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"53515_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.105147","volume":"90","author":"PPNC Kumari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumari, P. P. N. C. et al. Development of a Cu\/ZnO@ ZIF-8 nanocomposite as a pH-responsive drug delivery vehicle for the sustained release of doxorubicin in human lung cancer cell lines. J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol. 90, 105147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.105147 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol."},{"key":"53515_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128189","volume":"255","author":"Y Feng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feng, Y., Yang, W., Shi, X. & Zhao, X. ZnO-incorporated alginate assemblies: tunable pH-responsiveness and improved drug delivery for cancer therapy. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 255, 128189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128189 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"1","key":"53515_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12645-023-00205-7","volume":"14","author":"Q Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, Q. et al. Targeting and sensitizing MDR cancer by an MMP2 and pH dual-responsive ZnO-based nanomedicine. Cancer Nanotechnol. 14 (1), 56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12645-023-00205-7 (2023).","journal-title":"Cancer Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"11","key":"53515_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6604","DOI":"10.3390\/app13116604","volume":"13","author":"SA Neamah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Neamah, S. A., Albukhaty, S., Falih, I. Q., Dewir, Y. H. & Mahood, H. B. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Capparis spinosa L. fruit extract: characterization, biocompatibility, and antioxidant activity. Appl. Sci. 13 (11), 6604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13116604 (2023).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"14","key":"53515_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16451","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-023-03743-7","volume":"14","author":"P Suresh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Suresh, P., Doss, A., Praveen Pole, R. & Devika, M. Green synthesis, characterization and antioxidant activity of bimetallic (Ag-ZnO) nanoparticles using Capparis zeylanica leaf extract. Biomass Convers. Biorefinery. 14 (14), 16451\u201316459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13399-023-03743-7 (2024).","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefinery"},{"issue":"6","key":"53515_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12061201","volume":"12","author":"S Ghaffar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ghaffar, S. et al. Al Bratty, Improved photocatalytic and antioxidant activity of olive fruit extract-mediated ZnO nanoparticles. Antioxidants 12 (6), 1201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12061201 (2023).","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"53515_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tang, H. et al. ZnO NPs Attenuate LPS-Induced Inflammation in RAW264. 7 Macrophages by Inhibiting NF-\u03baB and JAK1-STAT1\/STAT3 Pathways and Reducing ROS. J. Inflamm. Res. 14075\u201314096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JIR.S534720 (2025).","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S534720"},{"key":"53515_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2022.e01452","volume":"19","author":"MO Kyene","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kyene, M. O. et al. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanomaterial from Cassia sieberiana and determination of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Sci. Afr. 19, e01452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sciaf.2022.e01452 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"53515_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rehman, H. et al. Delphinium uncinatum mediated biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and in-vitro evaluation of their antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging activities. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 30(1): p. 103485. (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103485"},{"key":"53515_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ullah, I. et al. Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles induced apoptotic cell death in MCF\u20107 breast cancer cells by generating reactive oxygen species and activating caspase 3 and 9 enzyme activities. Oxidative medicine cellular longevity, 2020(1): p. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/1215395","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1215395"},{"issue":"18","key":"53515_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9973","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25189973","volume":"25","author":"A Maimaitijiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maimaitijiang, A. et al. Progress in research of nanotherapeutics for overcoming multidrug resistance in cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25 (18), 9973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25189973 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"25","key":"53515_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27045","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c02224","volume":"10","author":"D Rajendran","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rajendran, D. et al. Comprehensive Characterization and Biological and Safety Evaluation of Zinc Oxide\u2013Curcumin Nanoconjugates: Unraveling Synergistic Effects for Enhanced Therapeutic Applications. ACS omega. 10 (25), 27045\u201327057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.5c02224 (2025).","journal-title":"ACS omega"},{"issue":"05","key":"53515_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050002","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219581X20500027","volume":"19","author":"N Faramarzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Faramarzi, N. et al. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of tamoxifen-loaded gelatin as effective nanocomplex in drug delivery systems. Int. J. Nanosci. 19 (05), 2050002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S0219581X20500027 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanosci."},{"key":"53515_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. et al. Improving Tamoxifen Performance in Inducing Apoptosis and Hepatoprotection by Loading on a Dual Nanomagnetic Targeting System. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents), 24(13): pp. 1016\u20131028 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0118715206289666240423091244","DOI":"10.2174\/0118715206289666240423091244"},{"key":"53515_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124285","volume":"659","author":"N Asadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Asadi, N., Gharbavi, M., Rezaeejam, H., Farajollahi, A. & Johari, B. Zinc nanoparticles coated with doxorubicin-conjugated alginate as a radiation sensitizer in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Int. J. Pharm. 659, 124285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124285 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"53515_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2024.503838","volume":"901","author":"JVR Angulo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Angulo, J. V. R. et al. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Mutat. Research-Genetic Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. 901, 503838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2024.503838 (2025).","journal-title":"Mutat. Research-Genetic Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"issue":"9","key":"53515_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14090743","volume":"14","author":"SA Solorio-Rodriguez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Solorio-Rodriguez, S. A. et al. A systematic Genotoxicity Assessment of a suite of metal oxide nanoparticles reveals their DNA damaging and clastogenic potential. Nanomaterials 14 (9), 743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano14090743 (2024).","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"2","key":"53515_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2025.26.2.443","volume":"26","author":"N Ezzat","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ezzat, N. et al. In vitro evaluation of zinc oxide-metformin folic acid nanocomposite as a targeted drug delivery system for cancer therapy. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prevention: APJCP. 26 (2), 443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31557\/APJCP.2025.26.2.443 (2025).","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prevention: APJCP"},{"key":"53515_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tseriotis, V. S. et al. ZnO-based nanoparticles for targeted cancer chemotherapy and the role of tumor microenvironment: a systematic review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 26 (17). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26178417 (2025).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178417"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53515-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53515-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53515-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:30:06Z","timestamp":1789684206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53515-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["53515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-53515-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study involving human blood samples was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approvals were obtained from the University of the Punjab Ethical Committee (IBB\/25\/101-C), and Artois University (102C25\/38). Informed consent was obtained from all volunteers.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We undersigned the article titled \u201cExploring the Therapeutic Potential of Tamoxifen Conjugated ZnO Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment.\u201d We approve the proof for publication in an upcoming issue. We declare that our work is original and is not being considered for potential publication elsewhere. All the authors agree with the content of the manuscript. We hereby acknowledge the submission to the journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical standards","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was obtained from ATCC. STR profiling and routine testing for mycoplasma contamination authenticated the cell line. The cells were cultured in high-glucose DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin\u2012streptomycin at 37\u00a0\u00b0C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO\n                      2\n                      .","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Cell lines","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"29068"}}