{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:39:54Z","timestamp":1790811594035,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":71,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004366","name":"Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-53524-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T14:54:20Z","timestamp":1779807260000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The impact of vaginal bromocriptine on reducing pain and menstrual bleeding in women with adenomyosis: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"irct20240806062668n3","registry":"10.18810\/irct"}],"author":[{"given":"Parvin","family":"Hakimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Eghbali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahshid","family":"Alborzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hosein","family":"Azizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"53524_CR1","first-page":"33","volume":"105","author":"S Schrager","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schrager, S., Yogendran, L., Marquez, C. M. & Sadowski, E. A. Adenomyosis: Diagnosis and management. Am. Family Phys. 105 (1), 33\u201338 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. Family Phys."},{"issue":"5","key":"53524_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-022-02476-2","volume":"39","author":"G Moawad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moawad, G. et al. Adenomyosis and infertility. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 39 (5), 1027\u20131031 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"53524_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2016.07.003","volume":"58","author":"M \u0141upicka","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u0141upicka, M., Socha, B. M., Szczepa\u0144ska, A. A. & Korzekwa, A. J. Prolactin role in the bovine uterus during adenomyosis. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 58, 1\u201313 (2017).","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"7","key":"53524_CR4","first-page":"1530","volume":"7","author":"P Sengupta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sengupta, P. et al. The possible role of fluoxetine in adenomyosis: An animal experiment with clinical correlations. JCDR. 7 (7), 1530\u20131534 (2013).","journal-title":"JCDR"},{"issue":"5","key":"53524_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy020","volume":"24","author":"SW Guo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guo, S. W. & Groothuis, P. G. Is it time for a paradigm shift in drug research and development in endometriosis\/adenomyosis? Hum. Reprod. Update. 24 (5), 577\u2013598 (2018).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"issue":"3","key":"53524_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.01.035","volume":"109","author":"J Donnez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Donnez, J., Donnez, O. & Dolmans, M. M. Introduction: Uterine adenomyosis, another enigmatic disease of our time. Fertil. Steril. 109 (3), 369\u2013370 (2018).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"3","key":"53524_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.01.013","volume":"109","author":"S Vannuccini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vannuccini, S., Luisi, S., Tosti, C., Sorbi, F. & Petraglia, F. Role of medical therapy in the management of uterine adenomyosis. Fertil. Steril. 109 (3), 398\u2013405 (2018).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"6","key":"53524_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2317860","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.17860","volume":"6","author":"X Che","year":"2023","unstructured":"Che, X. et al. Effect of mifepristone vs placebo for treatment of adenomyosis with pain symptoms: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw. open. 6 (6), e2317860 (2023).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. open."},{"issue":"1","key":"53524_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94e91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.01.016","volume":"223","author":"O Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu, O. et al. Adenomyosis incidence, prevalence and treatment: United States population-based study 2006\u20132015. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 223 (1), 94e91\u201394e94 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"3","key":"53524_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.12.030","volume":"109","author":"J Garc\u00eda-Solares","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Solares, J., Donnez, J., Donnez, O. & Dolmans, M. M. Pathogenesis of uterine adenomyosis: Invagination or metaplasia? Fertil. Steril. 109 (3), 371\u2013379 (2018).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"2","key":"53524_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1159\/000010154","volume":"48","author":"RA Nowak","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nowak, R. A., Mora, S., Diehl, T., Rhoades, A. R. & Stewart, E. A. Prolactin is an autocrine or paracrine growth factor for human myometrial and leiomyoma cells. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 48 (2), 127\u2013132 (1999).","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Invest."},{"issue":"10","key":"53524_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13632","volume":"98","author":"JK Andersson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andersson, J. K. et al. Vaginal bromocriptine improves pain, menstrual bleeding and quality of life in women with adenomyosis: A pilot study. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 98 (10), 1341\u20131350 (2019).","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"issue":"8","key":"53524_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13678","volume":"49","author":"F Naz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Naz, F. et al. Bromocriptine therapy: Review of mechanism of action, safety and tolerability. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 49 (8), 903\u2013922 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"53524_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)60489-2","volume":"51","author":"OA Kletzky","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kletzky, O. A. & Vermesh, M. Effectiveness of vaginal bromocriptine in treating women with hyperprolactinemia. Fertil. Steril. 51 (2), 269\u2013272 (1989).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"53524_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.08.040","volume":"254","author":"JK Andersson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andersson, J. K., Pozzi Mucelli, R., Epstein, E., Stewart, E. A. & Gemzell-Danielsson, K. Vaginal bromocriptine for treatment of adenomyosis: Impact on magnetic resonance imaging and transvaginal ultrasound. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 254, 38\u201343 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"53524_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.12809\/hkmj208743","volume":"27","author":"JKY Ko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ko, J. K. Y., Lao, T. T. & Cheung, V. Y. T. Pictorial Blood Loss Assessment Chart for evaluating heavy menstrual bleeding in Asian women. Hong Kong Med. J. = Xianggang yi xue za zhi. 27 (6), 399\u2013404 (2021).","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med. J. = Xianggang yi xue za zhi"},{"key":"53524_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s40834-025-00402-2","volume":"10","author":"P Hakimi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hakimi, P., Tabatabaei, F., Ghaffari, R. Namin, F. K., Azizi, H., Kabodmehri, R., Alborzi, M. Distribution and variations of anti-m\u00fcllerian hormone (AMH) levels among poor-responder women: a multiple linear regression analysis. Contracept. Reprod. Med 10, 63 (2025).","journal-title":"Contracept. Reprod. Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"53524_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-129-1-158","volume":"129","author":"B Gellersen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gellersen, B., Bonhoff, A., Hunt, N. & Bohnet, H. G. Decidual-type prolactin expression by the human myometrium. Endocrinology 129 (1), 158\u2013168 (1991).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"53524_CR19","first-page":"465","volume":"55","author":"MY Permana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Permana, M. Y., Sarwanti, S. & Fauziah, S. Effectivity of bromocriptine administration towards prolactin positive breast cancer receiving anthracycline-based chemotherapy: A literature review. Acta Med. Indones. 55 (4), 465\u2013474 (2023).","journal-title":"Acta Med. Indones."},{"key":"53524_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026168","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1026168","volume":"14","author":"Y Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang, Y. et al. Bromocriptine inhibits proliferation in the endometrium from women with adenomyosis. Front. Endocrinol. 14, 1026168 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"7","key":"53524_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2024.2416918","volume":"24","author":"K Ma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ma, K. et al. The effectiveness and safety of aripiprazole, bromocriptine, and cabergoline in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Exp. Opin. Drug Saf. 24 (7), 773\u2013786 (2025).","journal-title":"Exp. Opin. Drug Saf."},{"issue":"2","key":"53524_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-023-07330-z","volume":"309","author":"ME Parsanezhad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Parsanezhad, M. E., Alborzi, S. & Namavar Jahromi, B. Retraction Note: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of bromocriptin in clomiphene-resistant patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and normal prolactin level. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 309 (2), 729 (2024).","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"issue":"4","key":"53524_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12479","volume":"56","author":"M Snellen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Snellen, M., Power, J., Blankley, G. & Galbally, M. Pharmacological lactation suppression with D2 receptor agonists and risk of postpartum psychosis: A systematic review. Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 56 (4), 336\u2013340 (2016).","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"issue":"3","key":"53524_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349009028686","volume":"69","author":"A Nyboe Andersen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nyboe Andersen, A., Damm, P., Tabor, A., Pedersen, I. M. & Harring, M. Prevention of breast pain and milk secretion with bromocriptine after second-trimester abortion. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 69 (3), 235\u2013238 (1990).","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"issue":"2","key":"53524_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-1208.69342","volume":"3","author":"V Sherwal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sherwal, V., Malik, S. & Bhatia, V. Effect of bromocriptine on the severity of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and outcome in high responders undergoing assisted reproduction. J. Hum. reproductive Sci. 3 (2), 85\u201390 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Hum. reproductive Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"53524_CR26","first-page":"e18248","volume":"13","author":"M Badianyama","year":"2021","unstructured":"Badianyama, M. et al. A systematic review of the utility of bromocriptine in acute peripartum cardiomyopathy. Cureus 13 (9), e18248 (2021).","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2\u201303","key":"53524_CR27","first-page":"108","volume":"38","author":"MF Antero","year":"2020","unstructured":"Antero, M. F., Ayhan, A., Segars, J. & Shih, I. M. Pathology and pathogenesis of adenomyosis. Semin. Reprod. Med. 38 (2\u201303), 108\u2013118 (2020).","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. Med."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53524-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53524-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53524-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T23:21:38Z","timestamp":1785885698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53524-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["53524"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-53524-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences to number IR.TBZMED.REC.1403.795. Written informed consent was obtained before the study. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"24086"}}