{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T04:58:25Z","timestamp":1785387505663,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":67,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-53565-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T15:06:15Z","timestamp":1779375975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Whey Processed Oxymel induces apoptosis and S-phase arrest in MCF7 and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Akram","family":"Ashoori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Dolati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahereh Komeili","family":"Movahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Afkhami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Asghari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farzaneh","family":"Tafvizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Heidari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Tabibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"53565_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12703\/r\/10-61","volume":"10","author":"WY So","year":"2021","unstructured":"So, W. Y. & Tanner, K. Emerging principles of cancer biophysics. Faculty Rev. 10, 61 (2021).","journal-title":"Faculty Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"53565_CR2","first-page":"10","volume":"75","author":"RL Siegel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Siegel, R. L. et al. Cancer statistics, 2025. CA. Cancer J. Clin. 75(1), 10\u201345 (2025).","journal-title":"CA. Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"53565_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2022.08.010","volume":"66","author":"M Arnold","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arnold, M. et al. Current and future burden of breast cancer: Global statistics for 2020 and 2040. Breast 66, 15\u201323 (2022).","journal-title":"Breast"},{"issue":"1","key":"53565_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-07749-6","volume":"21","author":"M Moslemi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moslemi, M. et al. The association between ATM variants and risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 21(1), 27 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"53565_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s13258-021-01116-w","volume":"43","author":"E Sohrabi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sohrabi, E. et al. The tissue expression of MCT3, MCT8, and MCT9 genes in women with breast cancer. Genes Genomics 43(9), 1065\u20131077 (2021).","journal-title":"Genes Genomics"},{"key":"53565_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211034366","volume":"9","author":"DT Debela","year":"2021","unstructured":"Debela, D. T. et al. New approaches and procedures for cancer treatment: Current perspectives. SAGE Open Med. 9, 20503121211034366 (2021).","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"53565_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030456","author":"A Cutone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cutone, A. et al. Lactoferrin\u2019s anti-cancer properties: Safety, selectivity, and wide range of action. Biomolecules https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom10030456 (2020).","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"8","key":"53565_CR8","first-page":"1218","volume":"47","author":"I Altun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Altun, I. & Sonkaya, A. The most common side effects experienced by patients were receiving first cycle of chemotherapy. Iran. J. Public Health. 47(8), 1218 (2018).","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health."},{"key":"53565_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2019.961","volume":"13","author":"C Pucci","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pucci, C., Martinelli, C. & Ciofani, G. Innovative approaches for cancer treatment: Current perspectives and new challenges. ecancermedicalscience 13, 961 (2019).","journal-title":"ecancermedicalscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"53565_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-020-00293-7","volume":"11","author":"M Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang, M., Lu, J. J. & Ding, J. Natural products in cancer therapy: Past, present and future. Nat. Prod. Bioprospect. 11(1), 5\u201313 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Bioprospect."},{"key":"53565_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061974","author":"C Leischner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leischner, C. et al. Potential protective protein components of cow\u2019s milk against certain tumor entities. Nutrients https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13061974 (2021).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"53565_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.696-708","volume":"14","author":"AMA El-Gawad","year":"2021","unstructured":"El-Gawad, A. M. A. et al. Anticancer activity of milk fat rich in conjugated linoleic acid against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in female Swiss albino mice. Vet. World 14(3), 696\u2013708 (2021).","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"53565_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/939804","volume":"2013","author":"G Pepe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pepe, G. et al. Potential anticarcinogenic peptides from bovine milk. J. Amino Acids 2013, 939804 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Amino Acids"},{"key":"53565_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2021.e00593","volume":"29","author":"T Jafari-Nasab","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jafari-Nasab, T. et al. Probiotic potential and anticancer properties of Pediococcus sp. isolated from traditional dairy products. Biotechnol. Rep. 29, e00593 (2021).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"53565_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez, C.V., et al., Total phenolic compounds in milk from different species. Design of an extraction technique for quantification using the Folin\u2013Ciocalteu method. Food Chemistry, 2015. 176: p. 480\u2013486.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.12.050"},{"issue":"1","key":"53565_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2020-0370","volume":"46","author":"Q Vasconcelos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vasconcelos, Q., Bachur, T. P. R. & Arag\u00e3o, G. F. Whey protein supplementation and its potentially adverse effects on health: A systematic review. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 46(1), 27\u201333 (2021).","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"53565_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.5851\/kosfa.2015.35.3.350","volume":"35","author":"RK Jeewanthi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jeewanthi, R. K., Lee, N. K. & Paik, H. D. Improved functional characteristics of whey protein hydrolysates in food industry. Korean J. Food Sci. Anim. Resour. 35(3), 350\u2013359 (2015).","journal-title":"Korean J. Food Sci. Anim. Resour."},{"issue":"2","key":"53565_CR18","first-page":"57","volume":"6","author":"M Shariatikia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shariatikia, M., Behbahani, M. & Mohabatkar, H. Anticancer activity of cow, sheep, goat, mare, donkey and camel milks and their caseins and whey proteins and in silico comparison of the caseins. Mol. Biol. Res. Commun. 6(2), 57\u201364 (2017).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"53565_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521001550","volume":"127","author":"M Piri Damaghi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Piri Damaghi, M. et al. Comparison of the effect of soya protein and whey protein on body composition: A meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Br. J. Nutr. 127(6), 885\u2013895 (2022).","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"issue":"4","key":"53565_CR20","first-page":"5774","volume":"17","author":"E Kerasioti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kerasioti, E. et al. Effects of sheep\/goat whey protein dietary supplementation on the redox status of rats. Mol. Med. Rep. 17(4), 5774\u20135781 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"53565_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerasioti, E., et al., Antioxidant effects of sheep whey protein on endothelial cells. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016. 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6585737"},{"key":"53565_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.01.066","volume":"155","author":"E Kerasioti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kerasioti, E. et al. Antioxidant effects of whey protein on muscle C2C12 cells. Food Chem. 155, 271\u2013278 (2014).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"53565_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269581","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1269581","volume":"14","author":"S Afzal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Afzal, S. et al. From imbalance to impairment: The central role of reactive oxygen species in oxidative stress-induced disorders and therapeutic exploration. Front. Pharmacol. 14, 1269581 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"7","key":"53565_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201804161","volume":"217","author":"A Bansal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bansal, A. & Simon, M. C. Glutathione metabolism in cancer progression and treatment resistance. J. Cell Biol. 217(7), 2291\u20132298 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"53565_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158423","author":"E Kalinina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kalinina, E. Glutathione-dependent pathways in cancer cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25158423 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"53565_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gajewska, J., et al., Oxidative and Antioxidative Status Expressed as OSI Index and GSH\/GSSG Ratio in Children with Bone Tumors after Anticancer Therapy Completion. J Clin Med, 2022. 11(6).","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11061663"},{"issue":"1","key":"53565_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14159-5","volume":"7","author":"SH Cheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheng, S. H. et al. Whey protein concentrate renders MDA-MB-231 cells sensitive to rapamycin by altering cellular redox state and activating GSK3\u03b2\/mTOR signaling. Sci. Rep. 7(1), 15976 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"53565_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327914NC382_9","volume":"38","author":"WY Tsai","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tsai, W. Y. et al. Enchancing effect of patented whey protein isolate (Immunocal) on cytotoxicity of an anticancer drug. Nutr. Cancer 38(2), 200\u2013208 (2000).","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"53565_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-0341-y","volume":"17","author":"BA Carneiro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carneiro, B. A. & El-Deiry, W. S. Targeting apoptosis in cancer therapy. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 17(7), 395\u2013417 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"53565_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179451","author":"A Ramos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramos, A., Sadeghi, S. & Tabatabaeian, H. Battling chemoresistance in cancer: Root causes and strategies to uproot them. Int. J. Mol. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22179451 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"53565_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2025.117403","author":"S Kuttikrishnan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kuttikrishnan, S. et al. Curcumin induces apoptosis via downregulation of SKP2 and induction of GADD45A\/CDKN1A expression through generation of ROS in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.taap.2025.117403 (2025).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"53565_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"QH, A.L., et al., Exploring the health benefits and functional properties of goat milk proteins. Food Sci Nutr, 2023. 11(10): p. 5641\u20135656.","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3531"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"53565_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2006.09.016","volume":"68","author":"E El-Agamy","year":"2007","unstructured":"El-Agamy, E. The challenge of cow milk protein allergy. Small Rumin. Res. 68(1\u20132), 64\u201372 (2007).","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"53565_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735419866920","volume":"18","author":"F Mazzuca","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mazzuca, F. et al. Clinical impact of highly purified, whey proteins in patients affected with colorectal cancer undergoing chemotherapy: Preliminary results of a placebo-controlled study. Integr. Cancer Ther. 18, 1534735419866920 (2019).","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"issue":"9","key":"53565_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22773","volume":"34","author":"MM Mohammed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohammed, M. M. et al. Antihepatocarcinogenic activity of whey protein concentrate and lactoferrin in diethylnitrosamine-treated male albino mice. Environ. Toxicol. 34(9), 1025\u20131033 (2019).","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"53565_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12091752","author":"C Ceniti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ceniti, C. et al. Utilization of dairy by-products as a source of functional and health compounds-the role of ovine colostrum and milk whey on chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Foods. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods12091752 (2023).","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"1","key":"53565_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30436-y","volume":"13","author":"M Dolati","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dolati, M. et al. Biogenic copper oxide nanoparticles from Bacillus coagulans induced reactive oxygen species generation and apoptotic and anti-metastatic activities in breast cancer cells. Sci. Rep. 13(1), 3256 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"53565_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.18502\/ijm.v13i6.8089","volume":"13","author":"M Dolati","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dolati, M., Tafvizi, F., Salehipour, M., Movahed, T. K. & Jafari, P. Inhibitory effects of probiotic Bacillus coagulans against MCF7 breast cancer cells. Iran. J. Microbiol. 13(6), 839\u2013847 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/ijm.v13i6.8089","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"53565_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.30699\/ijmm.16.5.383","volume":"16","author":"M Dolati","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dolati, M., Tafvizi, F., Salehipour, M., Komeili Movahed, T. & Jafari, P. Antiproliferative Potential of Bacillus coagulans Supernatant on SKBR3 Breast Cancer Cell Line. Iran. J. Med. Microbiol. 16(5), 383\u2013391 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30699\/ijmm.16.5.383","journal-title":"Iran. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"53565_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.09.143","volume":"533","author":"Y Haga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haga, Y. et al. Inhibition of Akt\/mTOR pathway overcomes intrinsic resistance to dasatinib in triple-negative breast cancer. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 533(4), 672\u2013678 (2020).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"10","key":"53565_CR41","first-page":"5155","volume":"11","author":"PJ Kaboli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaboli, P. J. et al. Chemoresistance in breast cancer: PI3K\/Akt pathway inhibitors vs the current chemotherapy. Am. J. Cancer Res. 11(10), 5155 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"53565_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123310","volume":"231","author":"T Tian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tian, T. MCF-7 cells lack the expression of Caspase-3. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 231, 123310 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"1","key":"53565_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14159-5","volume":"7","author":"S-H Cheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheng, S.-H. et al. Whey protein concentrate renders MDA-MB-231 cells sensitive to rapamycin by altering cellular redox state and activating GSK3\u03b2\/mTOR signaling. Sci. Rep. 7(1), 15976 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"53565_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07943-8","volume":"50","author":"N Rodriguez-Ochoa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Ochoa, N. et al. Bovine holo-lactoferrin inhibits migration and invasion in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Mol. Biol. Rep. 50(1), 193\u2013201 (2023).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"53565_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-023-04045-1","volume":"23","author":"R Ramezani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramezani, R. et al. The effect of bovine milk lactoferrin-loaded exosomes (exoLF) on human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. BMC Complement. Med. Ther. 23(1), 228 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Med. Ther."},{"key":"53565_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2020.100566","volume":"35","author":"N Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar, N. et al. Anti-apoptotic effect of buffalo milk casein derived bioactive peptide by directing Nrf2 regulation in starving fibroblasts. Food Biosci. 35, 100566 (2020).","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"53565_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, D. et al. Anti-breast cancer effects of dairy protein active peptides, dairy products, and dairy protein-based nanoparticles. Front. Pharmacol., 15 . (2024).","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1486264"},{"issue":"33","key":"53565_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12961","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2258970","volume":"64","author":"J Xiao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xiao, J. et al. Unlocking the potential of milk whey protein components in colorectal cancer prevention and therapy. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 64(33), 12961\u201312998 (2024).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"53565_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-015-0204-2","volume":"15","author":"MH Naseri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Naseri, M. H. et al. Up regulation of Bax and down regulation of Bcl2 during 3-NC mediated apoptosis in human cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int. 15(1), 55 (2015).","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"issue":"22","key":"53565_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13221838","volume":"13","author":"M Mustafa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mustafa, M. et al. Apoptosis: A comprehensive overview of signaling pathways, morphological changes, and physiological significance and therapeutic implications. Cells 13(22), 1838 (2024).","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"8","key":"53565_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-024-02459-z","volume":"102","author":"K Marycz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marycz, K. et al. Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) modulates mitochondrial dynamics in PPAR\u03b3-depleted equine adipose derived stromal cells. J. Mol. Med. 102(8), 1015\u20131036 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"53565_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation10070359","volume":"10","author":"M Saubenova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saubenova, M. et al. Bioactive peptides derived from whey proteins for health and functional beverages. Fermentation 10(7), 359 (2024).","journal-title":"Fermentation"},{"key":"53565_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.985363","volume":"12","author":"S Qian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qian, S. et al. The role of BCL-2 family proteins in regulating apoptosis and cancer therapy. Front. Oncol. 12, 985363 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"53565_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-024-01338-z","volume":"23","author":"TP Srivastava","year":"2025","unstructured":"Srivastava, T. P., Dhar, R. & Karmakar, S. Looking beyond the ER, PR, and HER2: What\u2019s new in the ARsenal for combating breast cancer?. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 23(1), 9 (2025).","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"4","key":"53565_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31085","volume":"142","author":"L Dalasanur Nagaprashantha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dalasanur Nagaprashantha, L. et al. Translational opportunities for broad-spectrum natural phytochemicals and targeted agent combinations in breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer 142(4), 658\u2013670 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"53565_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13050754","author":"F Khallouki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khallouki, F. et al. An update on Tamoxifen and the chemo-preventive potential of Vitamin E in breast cancer management. J. Pers. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm13050754 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"53565_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/9826447","volume":"2024","author":"S Apornvirat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Apornvirat, S. & Suwannarurk, K. Fifteen-centimeter giant Tamoxifen-associated endometrial polyp presenting with constipation: A case report and review of the literature. Case Rep. Obstet. Gynecol. 2024, 9826447 (2024).","journal-title":"Case Rep. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"11","key":"53565_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.43951","volume":"5","author":"KJ Ryu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ryu, K. J. et al. Risk of endometrial polyps, hyperplasia, carcinoma, and uterine cancer after Tamoxifen treatment in premenopausal women with breast cancer. JAMA Netw. Open 5(11), e2243951 (2022).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"53565_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.07.024","volume":"107","author":"SH Cheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheng, S. H. et al. Selective effects of whey protein concentrate on glutathione levels and apoptosis in rats with mammary tumors. Food Chem. Toxicol. 107(Pt A), 440\u2013448 (2017).","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"issue":"17","key":"53565_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8064","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.17.8064","volume":"92","author":"A H\u00c5KANssoN","year":"1995","unstructured":"H\u00c5KANssoN, A. et al. Apoptosis induced by a human milk protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92 (17), 8064\u20138068 (1995).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"53565_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-025-01685-7","author":"TL Gunathilaka","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gunathilaka, T. L. et al. Integration of in vitro and in-silico analysis of Gracilaria edulis on anti-cancer potential and apoptotic signaling pathway activity. Cell Biochem. Biophys. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12013-025-01685-7 (2025).","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"issue":"6","key":"53565_CR62","volume":"8","author":"MS Barough","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barough, M. S. et al. Apoptosis\/necrosis induction by ultraviolet, in ER positive and ER negative breast cancer cell lines. Iran. J. Cancer Prev. 8(6), e4193 (2015).","journal-title":"Iran. J. Cancer Prev."},{"issue":"20","key":"53565_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13205196","volume":"13","author":"N D\u2019Onofrio","year":"2021","unstructured":"D\u2019Onofrio, N. et al. SIRT3 and metabolic reprogramming mediate the antiproliferative effects of whey in human colon cancer cells. Cancers 13(20), 5196 (2021).","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"1","key":"53565_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-008-0217-9","volume":"117","author":"RU J\u00e4nicke","year":"2009","unstructured":"J\u00e4nicke, R. U. MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells do not express caspase-3. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 117(1), 219\u2013221 (2009).","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"issue":"1","key":"53565_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01110-y","volume":"7","author":"F Peng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng, F. et al. Regulated cell death (RCD) in cancer: Key pathways and targeted therapies. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 7(1), 286 (2022).","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"53565_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13765-024-00860-3","volume":"67","author":"MK Ediriweera","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ediriweera, M. K., Cuong, D. M. & Cho, S. K. Cow milk derived-fat inhibits the proliferation of liver cancer-cells. Appl. Biol. Chem. 67(1), 7. (2024).","journal-title":"Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"38","key":"53565_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62144","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11394","volume":"7","author":"CS Pereira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pereira, C. S. et al. Lactoferrin selectively triggers apoptosis in highly metastatic breast cancer cells through inhibition of plasmalemmal V-H+-ATPase. Oncotarget 7(38), 62144\u201362158 (2016).","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"1","key":"53565_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/4482642","volume":"2024","author":"F Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, F. et al. Glutathione: A key regulator of extracellular matrix and cell death in intervertebral disc degeneration. Mediators Inflamm. 2024(1), 4482642 (2024).","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"53565_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040834","author":"H V\u00e1zquez-Meza","year":"2023","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez-Meza, H. et al. Cellular compartmentalization, glutathione transport and its relevance in some pathologies. Antioxidants https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12040834 (2023).","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"53565_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/4482642","volume":"2024","author":"F Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, F. et al. Glutathione: A key regulator of extracellular matrix and cell death in intervertebral disc degeneration. Mediators Inflamm. 2024, 4482642 (2024).","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"53565_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061128","author":"M Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo, M. et al. Antioxidant therapy in cancer: Rationale and progress. Antioxidants https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11061128 (2022).","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"53565_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11082226","author":"HR Marini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marini, H. R. et al. Glutathione: Lights and shadows in cancer patients. Biomedicines https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines11082226 (2023).","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"53565_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elda Valenti, G., et al., Glutathione in cancer progression and chemoresistance: an update. Redox Experimental Medicine, 2023. 2023(1).","DOI":"10.1530\/REM-22-0023"},{"key":"53565_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.121110","volume":"277","author":"B Niu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Niu, B. et al. Application of glutathione depletion in cancer therapy: Enhanced ROS-based therapy, ferroptosis, and chemotherapy. Biomaterials 277, 121110 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"2","key":"53565_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272781","volume":"18","author":"N Bouchmaa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bouchmaa, N. et al. In vitro evaluation of dioscin and protodioscin against ER-positive and triple-negative breast cancer. PLoS One 18(2), e0272781 (2023).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"53565_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.0c00092","volume":"4","author":"H Fan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fan, H. et al. Assessment of phenylboronic acid nitrogen mustards as potent and selective drug candidates for triple-negative breast cancer. ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci. 4(2), 687\u2013702 (2021).","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"53565_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bottoni, L., NRF2 activation by cysteine as a survival mechanism in triple-negative breast cancer. 2025.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3849836\/v1"},{"key":"53565_CR78","volume-title":"The Role of Car and Nrf2 Dual Activation in Doxorubicin\/Cyclophosphamide-Based Treatment of Triple Negative Breast Cancer","author":"S Stern","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stern, S. The Role of Car and Nrf2 Dual Activation in Doxorubicin\/Cyclophosphamide-Based Treatment of Triple Negative Breast Cancer (University of Maryland, 2022)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53565-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53565-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53565-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T04:02:37Z","timestamp":1785384157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53565-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["53565"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-53565-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"The study was conducted according to ethical guidelines and approved by the relevant ethics committee (IR.MUQ.REC.1402.085).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"23256"}}