{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:29:04Z","timestamp":1793834944269,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":62,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Anastomotic leakage is a serious complication after colorectal surgery. Smoking is known to impair anastomotic healing. The use of electronic cigarettes is increasing worldwide, and information about their effects on wound healing remains limited. The aim of this study is to investigate and compare the effects of electronic cigarettes and conventional cigarettes on rats. Thirty male Wistar Albino rats were divided into control, smoking, and vaping groups. Exposures were given twice daily for 30 days, and cotinine levels confirmed nicotine intake. On day 30 all animals underwent colonic anastomosis and were sacrificed seven days later. Bursting pressure, histopathology, and hydroxyproline levels were assessed. Cotinine levels were similar in the smoking and vaping groups. Bursting pressure showed no significant differences. Hydroxyproline content and histological scores, however, were significantly reduced in both exposure groups compared with controls, indicating impaired healing. In conclusion, vaping and smoking did not reduce mechanical strength but both impaired collagen synthesis and tissue repair. These results suggest that electronic cigarettes may not be a safer alternative to smoking in the surgical setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-53666-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T01:46:45Z","timestamp":1779155205000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The effect of vaping and smoking on colonic anastomosis healing in an experimental animal model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8593-0355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Ali","family":"Pak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1142-9366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma","family":"G\u00fczel Alt\u0131nta\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3050-0834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00f6ktu\u011f","family":"Okyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9146-3742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hikmet","family":"Pehlevan \u00d6zel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9249-1502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erdin\u00e7","family":"\u00c7etinkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"53666_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-015-0410-3","volume":"15","author":"JWAM Bosmans","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bosmans, J. W. A. M., Jongen, A. C. H. M., Bouvy, N. D. & Derikx, J. P. M. Colorectal anastomotic healing: Why the biological processes that lead to anastomotic leakage should be revealed prior to conducting intervention studies. BMC Gastroenterol. 15, 180 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"53666_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12S","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000225430.42531.c2","volume":"117","author":"II George Broughton","year":"2006","unstructured":"George Broughton, I. I., Janis, J. E. & Attinger, C. E. The basic science of wound healing. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 117, 12S\u201334S (2006).","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"53666_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-013-2227-0","volume":"17","author":"BD Shogan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shogan, B. D., Carlisle, E. M., Alverdy, J. C. & Umanskiy, K. Do we really know why colorectal anastomoses leak? J. Gastrointest. Surg. 17, 1698\u20131707 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"53666_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2008.02.066","volume":"152","author":"LT S\u00f8rensen","year":"2009","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen, L. T. et al. Acute effects of nicotine and smoking on blood flow, tissue oxygen, and aerobe metabolism of the skin and subcutis. J. Surg. Res. 152, 224\u2013230 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"53666_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9395","volume":"101","author":"IS Bakker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bakker, I. S., Grossmann, I., Henneman, D., Havenga, K. & Wiggers, T. Risk factors for anastomotic leakage and leak-related mortality after colonic cancer surgery in a nationwide audit. Br. J. Surg. 101, 424\u2013432 (2014).","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"53666_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734618808168","volume":"17","author":"FJ \u00c1lvaro-Afonso","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u00c1lvaro-Afonso, F. J., L\u00e1zaro-Mart\u00ednez, J. L. & Papanas, N. To smoke or not to smoke: Cigarettes have a negative effect on wound healing of diabetic foot ulcers. Int. J. Low. Extrem. Wounds 17, 258\u2013260 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Low. Extrem. Wounds"},{"key":"53666_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12659","volume":"109","author":"P Hajek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hajek, P., Etter, J., Benowitz, N., Eissenberg, T. & McRobbie, H. Electronic cigarettes: Review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potential for harm and benefit. Addiction 109, 1801\u20131810 (2014).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"53666_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145475","volume":"772","author":"Y Cao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cao, Y. et al. Toxicity of electronic cigarettes: A general review of the origins, health hazards, and toxicity mechanisms. Sci. Total Environ. 772, 145475 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"53666_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64561","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-15575-x","volume":"28","author":"HO Mohammed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohammed, H. O., Ahmed Alaa El-Din, E. & Farag, A. I. Impact of e-cigarettes on colonic mucosa and the role of recovery: Involvement of oxidative and inflammatory pathway. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 28, 64561\u201364571 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"53666_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/229255031502300309","volume":"23","author":"H Karayel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karayel, H., Kaya, B., Caydere, M., Terzio\u011flu, A. & Aslan, G. Prevention of unfavourable effects of cigarette smoke on flap viability using botulinum toxin in random pattern flaps: An experimental study. Plast. Surg. (Oakv). 23, 177\u2013182 (2015).","journal-title":"Plast. Surg. (Oakv)"},{"key":"53666_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140728","volume":"10","author":"Y-C Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang, Y.-C. et al. Chronic cigarette smoking impairs erectile function through increased oxidative stress and apoptosis, decreased nNOS, endothelial and smooth muscle contents in a rat model. PLoS One. 10, e0140728 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"53666_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Troiano, C., Jaleel, Z. & Spiegel, J. H. Association of electronic cigarette vaping and cigarette smoking with decreased random flap viability in rats. JAMA Facial Plast. Surg. (1), 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamafacial.2018.1179 (2019).","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2018.1179"},{"key":"53666_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1159\/000337741","volume":"48","author":"M Ditzel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ditzel, M. et al. Postoperative adhesion prevention with a new barrier: An experimental study. Eur. Surg. Res. 48, 187\u2013193 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. Surg. Res."},{"key":"53666_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(92)90255-P","volume":"163","author":"JD Phillips","year":"1992","unstructured":"Phillips, J. D., Kim, C. S., Fonkalsrud, E. W., Zeng, H. & Dindar, H. Effects of chronic corticosteroids and vitamin A on the healing of intestinal anastomoses. Am. J. Surg. 163, 71\u201377 (1992).","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"53666_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yasu.2016.03.011","volume":"50","author":"KL Guyton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guyton, K. L., Hyman, N. H. & Alverdy, J. C. Prevention of perioperative anastomotic healing complications: Anastomotic stricture and anastomotic leak. Adv. Surg. 50, 129\u2013141 (2016).","journal-title":"Adv. Surg."},{"key":"53666_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2016.0357","volume":"99","author":"K Stergios","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stergios, K. et al. The potential effect of biological sealants on colorectal anastomosis healing in experimental research involving severe diabetes. annals 99, 189\u2013192 (2017).","journal-title":"annals"},{"key":"53666_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2147\/OAS.S429415","volume":"17","author":"ZH Ang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ang, Z. H. & Wong, S. W. Prevention of anastomotic leak in colorectal surgery: Current knowledge and next steps. OAS 17, 11\u201320 (2024).","journal-title":"OAS"},{"key":"53666_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(90)90021-S","volume":"48","author":"MJ Koruda","year":"1990","unstructured":"Koruda, M. J. & Rolandelli, R. H. Experimental studies on the healing of colonic anastomoses. J. Surg. Res. 48, 504\u2013515 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"53666_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.3390\/jox14030053","volume":"14","author":"M Djouina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Djouina, M. et al. Chronic exposure to both electronic and conventional cigarettes alters ileum and colon turnover, immune function, and barrier integrity in mice. J. Xenobiotics. 14, 950\u2013969 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Xenobiotics."},{"key":"53666_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102035","author":"A Sharma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma, A. et al. E-cigarettes compromise the gut barrier and trigger inflammation. iScience https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102035 (2021).","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"53666_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12945","volume":"29","author":"Z Jaleel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jaleel, Z. et al. Association of vaping with decreased vascular endothelial growth factor expression and decreased microvessel density in cutaneous wound healing tissue in rats. Wound Repair. Regen. 29, 1024\u20131034 (2021).","journal-title":"Wound Repair. Regen."},{"key":"53666_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000000998","volume":"79","author":"AS Rau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rau, A. S., Reinikovaite, V., Schmidt, E. P., Taraseviciene-Stewart, L. & Deleyiannis, F.-B. Electronic cigarettes are as toxic to skin flap survival as tobacco cigarettes. Ann. Plast. Surg. 79, 86\u201391 (2017).","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"53666_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2021.03.071","volume":"37","author":"P Kennedy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kennedy, P. et al. Nicotine exposure via electronic cigarettes significantly impedes biomechanical healing properties of tendon healing in a rat model. Arthroscopy 37, 3170\u20133176 (2021).","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"53666_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2023.02.017","volume":"173","author":"O Ashour","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ashour, O., Al-Huneidy, L. & Noordeen, H. The implications of vaping on surgical wound healing: A systematic review. Surgery 173, 1452\u20131462 (2023).","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"53666_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.47191\/ijmscrs\/v4-i05-27","volume":"4","author":"M Bulantrisna","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bulantrisna, M. & Fawzy, A. The negative impact of vaping and electric cigarettes for healing of acute wounds: A literature review. Int. J. Med. Sci. Clin. Res. Stud. 4, 940\u2013945 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci. Clin. Res. Stud."},{"key":"53666_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.09.001","volume":"109","author":"B Phillips","year":"2017","unstructured":"Phillips, B. et al. Toxicity of the main electronic cigarette components, propylene glycol, glycerin, and nicotine, in Sprague-Dawley rats in a 90-day OECD inhalation study complemented by molecular endpoints. Food Chem. Toxicol. 109, 315\u2013332 (2017).","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"53666_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003098","volume":"137","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, X., Yuan, L. & Wang, F. Health outcomes of electronic cigarettes. Chin. Med. J. 137, 1903\u20131911 (2024).","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"53666_CR28","first-page":"63","volume":"28","author":"KCL Carlsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carlsen, K. C. L., Skjerven, H. O. & Carlsen, K.-H. The toxicity of E-cigarettes and children\u2019s respiratory health. Paediatr. Respir. Rev. 28, 63\u201367 (2018).","journal-title":"Paediatr. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"53666_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/08958378.2019.1671558","volume":"31","author":"G Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, G., Liu, W. & Song, W. Toxicity assessment of electronic cigarettes. Inhalation Toxicol. 31, 259\u2013273 (2019).","journal-title":"Inhalation Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53666-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53666-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53666-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T23:16:11Z","timestamp":1784502971000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-53666-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["53666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-53666-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Animal experiment study was approved by the Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee (Approval No: 0081, dated 21 March 2024). The original version of the ethics committee approval has been uploaded under the \u201cRelated Files\u201d section.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Institutional animal care and use committee","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have read the ARRIVE guidelines, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the ARRIVE guidelines.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"ARRIVE guidelines","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"22614"}}