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This study investigated the antibacterial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and apoptosis-inducing activities of\n                    <jats:italic>Cichorium intybus<\/jats:italic>\n                    leaf extract against MDR clinical isolates, alongside phytochemical profiling. Seventy-five clinical specimens were analyzed, predominantly blood (24%), sputum, pus, and urine (20% each), with stool samples underrepresented (4%; \u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    (4)\u2009=\u200912.12,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.033). A total of 75 bacterial isolates were identified using morphology, biochemical testing, and VITEK\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    2 (96\u201398% accuracy), including\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (56%),\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (24%), and\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (20%) (\u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    (2)\u2009=\u200917.52,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The isolates exhibited high resistance to \u03b2-lactams, moderate resistance to aminoglycosides and tetracyclines, and greater susceptibility to imipenem and amikacin (\u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    (3)\u2009=\u200992.4,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The\n                    <jats:italic>C. intybus<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract exhibited notable antibacterial activity, with the largest inhibition zone observed against\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (19.95\u2009\u00b1\u20092.16\u00a0mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranged from 31.25 to 187.5\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL and 62.5 to 375\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, respectively. Biofilm formation by\n                    <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    was significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner (0.78\u201350\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL), with maximal suppression at 50\u00a0\u00b5g\/m. Antioxidant assays demonstrated strong activity, with 92.2\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5% DPPH and 90.5\u2009\u00b1\u20092.0% ABTS inhibition at 1000\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, and IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values of ~\u2009110 and ~\u2009115\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, respectively, showing strong correlation with ascorbic acid (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.997 and 0.995;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Cytotoxicity assays revealed selective, dose-dependent activity against PC3 and HepG2 cells compared with normal HFB4 cells (IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 24.6, 21.9, and 59.7\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, respectively), with apoptosis as the primary mechanism and minimal necrosis at lower doses. GC\u2013MS and HPLC analyses identified bioactive compounds including chlorogenic, cichoric, linoleic, hexadecanoic, and octadecanoic acids, supporting synergistic antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Overall,\n                    <jats:italic>C. intybus<\/jats:italic>\n                    demonstrates promising multifunctional bioactivity against MDR pathogens, supporting its potential as a natural therapeutic candidate.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-53690-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T09:56:18Z","timestamp":1779789378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Combating multidrug-resistant bacteria and associated virulence factors using Cichorium intybus extract: integrated microbiological characterization, phytochemical profiling, cytotoxicity assessment, and mechanistic insights"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mohamed Ibrahim M.","family":"Ramadan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3968-0536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gamal M.","family":"El-Sherbiny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad S.","family":"El-Hawary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa M.","family":"Basuoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"53690_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/bacteria5010001","volume":"5","author":"T Abdel Fattah","year":"2026","unstructured":"Abdel Fattah, T., El-Sherbiny, G. 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