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Experimental Nile tilapia were divided into eight groups: AFB0 (control, uncontaminated diet), AFB50 (50 ppbAFB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), AFB100 (100 ppbAFB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), AFB150 (150 ppbAFB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), AFB0\u2009+\u2009Sil (0 ppbAFB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    +Sil), AFB50\u2009+\u2009Sil (50 ppbAFB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    +Sil), AFB100\u2009+\u2009Sil (100 ppbAFB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    +Sil), and AFB150\u2009+\u2009Sil (150 ppbAFB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    +Sil). The AFB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    -residues in fish liver (AFB0, AFB50, AFB100, and AFB150) were 0.34, 0.54, and 0.82 ppb, respectively, while traces were recorded in muscles. Sil-supplemented fish had lower residues than other contaminated groups, which were still higher than AFB0. The gene expression of\n                    <jats:italic>GPx<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>SOD<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IL-1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>TNF-\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    was significantly and linearly decreased with increasing aflatoxin levels, whereas Sil-supplementation (AFB50\u2009+\u2009Sil) resulted in a high and significant increase of 3.86, 5.37, and 7.85 fold-change, respectively, compared with the fish groups and the control. While, CAT expression increased in response to a low aflatoxin level (AFB50; 2.17-fold-change), it decreased linearly with increasing aflatoxin level. Moreover,\n                    <jats:italic>IL-10<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression was significantly higher in fish of AFB100 and AFB150, with 8.7- and 8.85-fold changes, respectively, compared to the control. Significant declines in immunoglobulin\n                    <jats:italic>(Ig)M-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and insulin-like growth factor\n                    <jats:italic>(IGF)<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene expression were observed in fish receiving AFB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    -contaminated diets and Sil could enhance the expression. Innate immunity of the experimental fish was assessed by measuring the following parameters; serum antibacterial activity (SAB), oxidative burst activity (OBA), phagocytic activity (PA), phagocytic index (PI), and lysozyme (LYZ) as well as by challenge with\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Nile tilapia fed AFB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    -contaminated diets showed immune-antioxidant suppressive status, indicating compromised health and a lowered survival rate (SR%) during bacterial challenge and antibiotic treatment Sil-supplementation could improve SR%.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-54047-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:54:03Z","timestamp":1780448043000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Silymarin conserves the efficacy of quinolone and sulfonamide in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) subjected to aflatoxicosis and Streptococcus agalactiae infection"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nourhan A.","family":"Haggag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Elbadawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraf","family":"ElKomy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed H.","family":"Sherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"54047_CR1","unstructured":"FAO, Food Agriculture Organization. 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