{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:25:25Z","timestamp":1785522325335,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":67,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-54276-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T06:13:34Z","timestamp":1779430414000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phytochemical profiling and in-vitro antibacterial activity of Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile leaf and stem bark extracts against selected human pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Getayawukal","family":"Yohanis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2682-6559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krishna Moorthy","family":"Sivalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gedif","family":"Meseret Abebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukunthan Sankar","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fekredin Argaw","family":"Bartuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"54276_CR1","first-page":"151","volume":"21","author":"K Bardarov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bardarov, K., Mihaylova, V. & Djingova, R. Study on the elemental composition of Clinopodium vulgare L. medicinal plant, collected from different regions of Bulgaria. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Sc 21(1), 151\u2013158 (2015).","journal-title":"Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Sc"},{"key":"54276_CR2","first-page":"399","volume":"4","author":"T Atinafu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Atinafu, T., Mekonnen, T. & Somasundaram, J. Determination of some toxic heavy metal accumulation in medicinal plants commonly used in Gondar area district, Northwestern Ethiopia. Int. J. Pharm. Anal. Res. 4, 399\u2013405 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Anal. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"54276_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-0412.1000207","volume":"4","author":"VK Pagadala","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pagadala, V. K., Tsegaye, B., Kebede, N., Elias, T. & Gemachu, G. Significance of traditional medicinal plants used for treatment of rabies at Ambo Town. Med. Aromat. Plants 4(4), 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2167-0412.1000207 (2015).","journal-title":"Med. Aromat. Plants"},{"issue":"2","key":"54276_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.17140\/VMOJ-4-137","volume":"4","author":"T Abdisa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdisa, T. Medicinal value of C. macrostachyus and Solanum incanum against causative agent of foodborne diseases. Veterinary Medicine \u2013 Open Journa 4(2), 57\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17140\/VMOJ-4-137 (2019).","journal-title":"Veterinary Medicine \u2013 Open Journa"},{"key":"54276_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viswanathan, V. K. Off-label abuse of antibiotics by bacteria. Gut Microbes 5(1), 34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161%2Fgmic.28027 (2014).","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.28027"},{"issue":"3","key":"54276_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15031811","volume":"15","author":"WH Talib","year":"2010","unstructured":"Talib, W. H. & Mahasneh, A. M. Antimicrobial, cytotoxicity and phytochemical screening of Jordanian plants used in traditional medicine. Molecules 15(3), 1811\u20131824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules15031811 (2010).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"5","key":"54276_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.6.5.657","volume":"6","author":"JD Pitout","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pitout, J. D. Multi resistant Enterobacteriaceae new threat to an old problem; expect review of anti-infective therapy. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 6(5), 657\u2013669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14787210.6.5.657 (2008).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"54276_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eggleston, K., Zhang, R. & Zeckhauser, R. The global challenge of antimicrobial resistance: Insights from economic analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 7(8), 3141\u20133149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390%2Fijerph7083141 (2010).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7083141"},{"issue":"1","key":"54276_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.2174\/138920109787048607","volume":"10","author":"D Alviano","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alviano, D. & Alviano, C. Plant extracts: Search for new alternatives to treat microbial diseases. Curr. Pharmacol. Biotechnol. 10(1), 106\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/138920109787048607 (2008).","journal-title":"Curr. Pharmacol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"54276_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1895340","volume":"2019","author":"S Manandhar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Manandhar, S., Luitel, S. & Dahal, R. K. In vitro antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against human pathogenic bacteria. J. Trop. Med. 1895340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/1895340 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"54276_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.13851","volume":"37","author":"DF Basri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Basri, D. F. & Fan, S. H. The potential of aqueous and acetone extracts of galls of Quercus infectoria as antibacterial agents. Indian J. Pharmacol. 37(1), 26\u201329 (2005).","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"54276_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-6-2","volume":"6","author":"JJ Rojas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rojas, J. J., Ochoa, V. J., Ocampo, S. A. & Monoz, J. F. Screening for antimicrobial activity of ten medicinal plants used in Colombian folkloric medicine: A possible alternative in the treatment of nosocomial infections. BMC Complement. Alternat. Med. 6, 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6882-6-2 (2006).","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"54276_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/746165","volume":"2013","author":"B Biswas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Biswas, B., Rogers, K., McLaughlin, F., Daniels, D. & Yadav, A. Antimicrobial activities of leaf extracts of guava (Psidium guajava L.) on two Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Int. J. Microbiol. 2013, 746165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/746165 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"54276_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.5958\/0975-6892.2023.00080.1","volume":"5","author":"D Sebaro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sebaro, D., Krishna Moorthy, S., Tora, A. & Senapathy, M. In-vitro antibacterial activity of crude leaf extracts of Withania somnifera and Moringa oleifera against some selected bacterial pathogens. Medicinal Plant 5(4), 784\u2013793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5958\/0975-6892.2023.00080.1 (2023).","journal-title":"Medicinal Plant"},{"key":"54276_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1021\/acsfoodscitech.3c00129","volume":"3","author":"SUKMR Sagili","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sagili, S. U. K. M. R. et al. Effects of particle size, solvent type, and extraction temperature on the extraction of crude cannabis oil, cannabinoids, and terpenes. ACS Food Sci. Technol. 3, 1203\u20131215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsfoodscitech.3c00129 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Food Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"54276_CR16","first-page":"58","volume":"1","author":"IA Ajayi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ajayi, I. A., Ajibade, O. & Oderinde, R. A. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of some plant seeds. Res. J. Chem. Sci. 1 (3), 58\u201362 (2011).","journal-title":"Res. J. Chem. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"54276_CR17","first-page":"348","volume":"2","author":"IP Adachukwu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Adachukwu, I. P., Ogbonna, A. O. & Eze, F. U. Phytochemicals analysis of paw-paw (Carica papaya L.) leaves. International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Research 2(3), 348\u2013351 (2013).","journal-title":"International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"54276_CR18","first-page":"195","volume":"6","author":"T Tyagi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tyagi, T. & Agarwal, M. Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of bioactive constituents in the ethanolic extract of Pistia stratiotes L. and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) solms. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 6(1), 195\u2013206 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem."},{"issue":"6","key":"54276_CR19","first-page":"11","volume":"1","author":"P Shrestha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shrestha, P., Adhikari, S., Lamichhane, B. & Govinda, B. S. Phytochemical screening of the medicinal plants of Nepal. IOSR J. Environ. Sci. Toxicol. Food Technol. (IOSR-JESTFT) 1(6), 11\u201317 (2015).","journal-title":"IOSR J. Environ. Sci. Toxicol. Food Technol. (IOSR-JESTFT)"},{"issue":"25","key":"54276_CR20","first-page":"115","volume":"115","author":"A Pandey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pandey, A., Tripathi, S. & Pandey, C. A. Concept of Standardization, Extraction and Pre Phytochemical Screening Strategies for Herbal Drug. J. Pharmacognosy Phytochemistry. 115 (25), 115\u2013119 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Pharmacognosy Phytochemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"54276_CR21","first-page":"20","volume":"1","author":"TS Roopashree","year":"2008","unstructured":"Roopashree, T. S., Dang, R., Rani, S. R. H. & Narendra, C. Antibacterial activity of anti-psoriatic herbs: Cassia tora, Momordica charantia and Calendula officinalis. Int. J. Appl. Res. Nat. Prod. 1 (3), 20\u201328 (2008).","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Res. Nat. Prod."},{"issue":"89","key":"54276_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15556","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB12.1284","volume":"11","author":"CO Esimone","year":"2012","unstructured":"Esimone, C. O., Attama, A. A., Mundi, K. S., Ibekwe, N. N. & Chah, K. F. Antimicrobial activity of Psidium guajava Linn. Stem extracts against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 11 (89), 15556\u201315559 (2012).","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"8","key":"54276_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.55.8.1901-1906.1989","volume":"55","author":"U Schillinger","year":"1989","unstructured":"Schillinger, U. & Lucke, F. K. Antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus sakei isolated from meat. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55 (8), 1901\u20131906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Faem.55.8.1901-1906.1989 (1989).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"54276_CR24","unstructured":"NCCLS. National committee for clinical laboratory standards. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically, 6th Edition, Approved standard M7-A6, National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, Pennsylvania (2023)."},{"key":"54276_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1755813","author":"DYT Piso","year":"2026","unstructured":"Piso, D. Y. T., Aguilar, Y. C. V., Barreto, M. Y. P. & Bonilla, M. P. S. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria isolated from corneal ulcers and healthy eyes of canines in Ibagu\u00e9-Tolima, Colombia. Front. Vet. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1755813 (2026).","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"54276_CR26","first-page":"57","volume":"32","author":"FA Al-Bayati","year":"2008","unstructured":"Al-Bayati, F. A. & Sulaiman, K. D. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Salvadora persica L. extracts against some isolated oral pathogens in Iraq. Turkish J. Biology. 32 (1), 57\u201362 (2008). https:\/\/journals.tubitak.gov.tr\/biology\/vol32\/iss1\/9","journal-title":"Turkish J. Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"54276_CR27","first-page":"50","volume":"3","author":"JN Dike-Ndudim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dike-Ndudim, J. N. et al. Anti-bacterial and Phytochemical Potential of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts on some wound and enteric pathogenic Bacteria. Eur. J. Bot. Plant. Sci. Phytol. 3 (1), 50\u201360 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Bot. Plant. Sci. Phytol"},{"issue":"3","key":"54276_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.05.011","volume":"124","author":"IC Zampini","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zampini, I. C. et al. Antimicrobial activity of selected plant species from the Argentine Puna against sensitive and multi-resistant bacteria. J. Ethnopharmacol. 124 (3), 499\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2009.05.011 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"54276_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1222343","volume":"8","author":"D van Duin","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Duin, D. & Doi, Y. The global epidemiology of carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae. Virulence 8 (4), 460\u2013469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21505594.2016.1222343 (2017).","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"2","key":"54276_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ZC50","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2015\/11526.5599","volume":"9","author":"I Jain","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jain, I. et al. Comparative evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of six Indian plant extracts against Streptococcus mutans. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 9(2), ZC50\u2013ZC53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7860\/JCDR\/2015\/11526.5599 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"54276_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36837-3","volume":"13","author":"Y Wasihun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wasihun, Y., Habteweld, H. A. & Ayenew, K. D. Antibacterial activity and phytochemical components of leaf extract of Calpurnia aurea. Sci. Rep. 13(1), 9767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-36837-3 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"54276_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74262-y","volume":"10","author":"EAA Mohamed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohamed, E. A. A., Muddathir, A. M. & Osman, M. A. Antimicrobial activity, phytochemical screening of crude extracts, and essential oils constituents of two Pulicaria spp. growing in Sudan. Sci. Rep. 10, 17148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-74262-y (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"54276_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026613666131216105049","volume":"14","author":"P Kittakoop","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kittakoop, P., Mahidol, C. & Ruchirawat, S. Alkaloids as important scaffolds in therapeutic drugs for the treatments of cancer, tuberculosis, and smoking cessation. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 14 (2), 239\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1568026613666131216105049 (2014).","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"54276_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.001","volume":"44","author":"TPT Cushnie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cushnie, T. P. T., Cushnie, B. & Lamb, A. J. Alkaloids: An overview of their antibacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and anti-virulence activities. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 44(5), 377\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.001 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"6","key":"54276_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/s1875-5364(14)60063-7","volume":"12","author":"S Qiu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Qiu, S. et al. Natural alkaloids: Basic aspects, biological roles, and future perspectives. Chin. J. Nat. Med. 12(6), 401\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1875-5364(14)60063-7 (2014).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"54276_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3923\/rjphyto.2011.163.169","volume":"5","author":"NM Savithramma","year":"2011","unstructured":"Savithramma, N. M., Rao, L. & Prabha, B. Phytochemical studies of Dysophylla myosuroides (Roth.) Benth. In. Wall. and Talinum cuneifolium (Vahl.) Willd. Res. J. Photochem. 5(3), 163\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3923\/rjphyto.2011.163.169 (2011).","journal-title":"Res. J. Photochem."},{"issue":"3","key":"54276_CR37","first-page":"51","volume":"2","author":"M Manickam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Manickam, M. & Veerabahu, R. M. Phytochemical, FT-IR and antibacterial activity of whole plant extract of Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. Ex. Schult. J. Med. Plants Stud. 2(3), 51\u201357 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Stud."},{"issue":"3","key":"54276_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v6i3.57178","volume":"6","author":"H Usman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Usman, H., Abdulrahman, F. I. & Usman, A. Qualitative phytochemical screening and in vitro antimicrobial effects of methanol stem bark extract of Ficus thonningii (Moraceae). Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 6(3), 289\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ajtcam.v6i3.57178 (2009).","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"54276_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ejcbs.20230903.12","volume":"9","author":"T Ayichew","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ayichew, T., Nega, B. & Wagaw, S. Combined antibacterial effect of Croton macrostachyus, Calpurina aurea and Ocimum gratissimum against selected clinical and standard pathogenic bacteria. Eur. J. Clin. Biomed. Sci. 9(3), 38\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11648\/j.ejcbs.20230903.12 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Biomed. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"54276_CR40","first-page":"107","volume":"5","author":"A Aylate","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aylate, A. et al. In-vitro and in-vivo antibacterial activities of Croton macrostachyus methanol extract against E. coli and S. aureus. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 5(3), 107\u2013114 (2017).","journal-title":"Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"54276_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naz, R. & Bano, A. Antimicrobial potential of Ricinus communis leaf extracts in different solvents against pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2(12), 944\u2013947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS2221-1691(13)60004-0 (2012).","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(13)60004-0"},{"key":"54276_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-3001-2","volume":"10","author":"J Suurbaar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Suurbaar, J., Mosobil, R. & Donor, A. M. Antibacterial and antifungal activities and phytochemical profile of leaf extract from different extractants of Ricinus communis against selected pathogens. BMC Res. Notes 10, 660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-017-3001-2 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"issue":"4","key":"54276_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.772","volume":"8","author":"B Kebede","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kebede, B. & Shibeshi, W. In vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts and fractions of leaves of Ricinus communis Linn. against selected pathogens. Vet. Med. Sci. 8(4), 1802\u20131815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.772 (2022).","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"54276_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S957","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(14)60766-0","volume":"Suppl. 2","author":"CC Ogueke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ogueke, C. C., Uwaleke, J., Owuamanam, C. I. & Okolue, B. Antimicrobial activities of Alstonia boonei stem bark, a Nigerian traditional medicinal plant. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. Suppl. 2, S957\u2013S962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2222-1808(14)60766-0 (2014).","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"54276_CR45","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"D Gedefa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gedefa, D., Abebe, T. & Desalegn, Y. Phytochemical investigation of Croton macrostachyus crude extracts and evaluation of their antibacterial activity. Berhan International Research Journal of Science and Humanities 5, 1\u201316 (2021).","journal-title":"Berhan International Research Journal of Science and Humanities"},{"issue":"1","key":"54276_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2866","volume":"24","author":"C Wagate","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wagate, C., Mbaria, J. & Gakuya, D. Screening of some Kenyan medicinal plants, for antibacterial activity. Phytother. Res. 24 (1), 150\u2013153 (2010).","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"54276_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762006000300011","volume":"101","author":"B Suffredini","year":"2006","unstructured":"Suffredini, B., Paciencia, M. L. B., Nepomuceno, D. C., Younes, R. N. & Varella, A. D. Antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of Brazilian plant extracts\u2014Clusiaceae. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 101(3), 287\u2013290 (2006).","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"54276_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1453428","volume":"2","author":"JK Obey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Obey, J. K., Kauhanen, J., Wright, A. V., Orjala, J. & Tikkanen-Kaukanen, C. Antimicrobial activity of Croton macrostachyus stem bark extracts against several human pathogenic bacteria. eJ. Pathol. 2, 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/1453428 (2016).","journal-title":"eJ. Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"54276_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2950758","volume":"2018","author":"G Romha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Romha, G., Admasu, B., Hiwot Gebrekidan, T., Aleme, H. & Gebru, G. Antibacterial activities of five medicinal plants in Ethiopia against some human and animal pathogens. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2018(1), 2950758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/2950758 (2018).","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-54276-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-54276-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-54276-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T17:14:02Z","timestamp":1785518042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-54276-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["54276"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-54276-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors agree to publish.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"23402"}}