{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T23:02:39Z","timestamp":1784674959566,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":64,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-54332-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T19:57:06Z","timestamp":1779220626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Determinants of scabies among households in Fagita Lekoma district, Northwest Ethiopia: a mixed\u2013method study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Daniel Mulat","family":"Eshetu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolde Melese","family":"Ayele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sileshi","family":"Berihun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikias Getahun","family":"Molla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adugna Denekew","family":"Mengistu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"54332_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0314140","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314140","volume":"19","author":"P Dejen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dejen, P., Girma, M., Chernet, A., Vaz Nery, S. & Shimelis, T. Assessment of scabies and its associated factors in Hawassa Zuria District, Southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Plos one. 19 (11), e0314140 (2024).","journal-title":"Plos one"},{"issue":"1","key":"54332_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05106-3","volume":"20","author":"AG Azene","year":"2020","unstructured":"Azene, A. G., Aragaw, A. M. & Wassie, G. T. Prevalence and associated factors of scabies in Ethiopia: systematic review and Meta-analysis. BMC Infect. Dis. 20 (1), 380 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"54332_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06591.x","volume":"153","author":"J Heukelbach","year":"2005","unstructured":"Heukelbach, J., Wilcke, T., Winter, B. & Feldmeier, H. Epidemiology and morbidity of scabies and pediculosis capitis in resource-poor communities in Brazil. Br. J. Dermatol. 153 (1), 150\u2013156 (2005).","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"54332_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02721-0","volume":"21","author":"A Sanei-Dehkordi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sanei-Dehkordi, A., Soleimani-Ahmadi, M., Zare, M. & Jaberhashemi, S. A. Risk factors associated with scabies infestation among primary schoolchildren in a low socio-economic area in southeast of Iran. BMC Pediatr. 21 (1), 249 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"54332_CR5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Scabies Geneva: World Health Organization. [ (2023). Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/scabies"},{"issue":"1","key":"54332_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09167-6","volume":"24","author":"D-H Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim, D-H. et al. Risk factors for scabies in hospital: a systematic review. BMC Infect. Dis. 24 (1), 353 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"54332_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0011826","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011826","volume":"17","author":"EA Bogino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bogino, E. A. et al. Scabies prevalence and its associated factors among prisoners in southern Ethiopia: An institution-based analytical cross-sectional study. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 17 (12), e0011826 (2023).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"54332_CR8","unstructured":"Hassen, Y. K., Teklemariam, M. Z. & Tesfa, M. T. Magnitude and factors associated with scabies among primary school children in Goro Gutu Woreda (Haramaya University, Haramaya, 2023)."},{"issue":"1","key":"54332_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-019-0824-6","volume":"24","author":"H Dagne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dagne, H., Dessie, A., Destaw, B., Yallew, W. W. & Gizaw, Z. Prevalence and associated factors of scabies among schoolchildren in Dabat district, northwest Ethiopia, 2018. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 24 (1), 67 (2019).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"54332_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ejigu, K., Haji, Y., Toma, A. & Tadesse, B. T. Factors associated with scabies outbreaks in primary schools in Ethiopia: a case\u2013control study. Research and reports in tropical medicine. :119\u2009\u2013\u200927. (2019).","DOI":"10.2147\/RRTM.S214724"},{"issue":"4","key":"54332_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3040114","volume":"3","author":"W Enbiale","year":"2018","unstructured":"Enbiale, W. & Ayalew, A. Investigation of a scabies outbreak in drought-affected areas in Ethiopia. Trop. Med. Infect. disease. 3 (4), 114 (2018).","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. disease"},{"key":"54332_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2020.37.224.25753","volume":"37","author":"T Haile","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haile, T., Sisay, T. & Jemere, T. Scabies and its associated factors among under 15 years children in Wadila district, Northern Ethiopia, 2019. Pan Afr. Med. J. 37, 224 (2020).","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"54332_CR13","first-page":"154","volume":"6","author":"S Tefera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tefera, S., Teferi, M., Ayalew, A., Belete, T. & Hadush, H. Prevalence of scabies and associated factors among primary school children in Raya Alamata District, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2017\/2018. J. Infect. Dis. Epidemiol. 6, 154 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"54332_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0269918","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269918","volume":"17","author":"B Misganaw","year":"2022","unstructured":"Misganaw, B., Nigatu, S. G., Gebrie, G. N. & Kibret, A. A. Prevalence and determinants of scabies among school-age children in Central Armachiho district, Northwest, Ethiopia. Plos one. 17 (6), e0269918 (2022).","journal-title":"Plos one"},{"key":"54332_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bekele, B. & Kemal, A. W. Determents of sustainable charcoal production in AWI zone; the case of Fagita Lekoma district. Ethiopia Heliyon ;8(12). (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e11963"},{"issue":"5","key":"54332_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18943","volume":"183","author":"D Engelman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Engelman, D. et al. The 2020 international alliance for the control of scabies consensus criteria for the diagnosis of scabies. Br. J. Dermatol. 183 (5), 808\u2013820 (2020).","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"54332_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/02508069608686494","volume":"21","author":"PH Gleick","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gleick, P. H. Basic water requirements for human activities: Meeting basic needs. Water Int. 21 (2), 83\u201392 (1996).","journal-title":"Water Int."},{"key":"54332_CR18","unstructured":"Gray, A. Definitions of Crowding and the Effects of Crowding on Health. Literature Rev. Prepared Ministry Social Policy :1\u201340. (2001)."},{"issue":"1","key":"54332_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1186\/s12982-025-01175-4","volume":"22","author":"S Wahdini","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wahdini, S., Sungkar, S., Widaty, S., Nurcandra, F. & Sari, I. P. Scabies and related factors among students in a traditional urban Islamic boarding school. Discover Public. Health. 22 (1), 754 (2025).","journal-title":"Discover Public. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"54332_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4317-x","volume":"12","author":"W Wochebo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wochebo, W., Haji, Y. & Asnake, S. Scabies outbreak investigation and risk factors in Kechabira district, Southern Ethiopia: unmatched case control study. BMC Res. Notes. 12 (1), 305 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"issue":"1","key":"54332_CR21","first-page":"7276938","volume":"2018","author":"J Sara","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sara, J., Haji, Y. & Gebretsadik, A. Scabies outbreak investigation and risk factors in east Badewacho district, Southern Ethiopia: unmatched case control study. Dermatology Res. Pract. 2018 (1), 7276938 (2018).","journal-title":"Dermatology Res. Pract."},{"issue":"4","key":"54332_CR22","first-page":"108","volume":"11","author":"F Balcha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Balcha, F., Bizuneh, H., Hunduma, F. & Chala, T. Scabies Outbreak Investigation and Its Risk Factors in Gumbichu District, East Shewa Zone, Central Ethiopia: Unmatched Case-Control Study. Am. J. Health Res. 11 (4), 108\u2013117 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"54332_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2011.10.005","volume":"16","author":"A Amro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Amro, A. & Hamarsheh, O. Epidemiology of scabies in the west bank, Palestinian territories (occupied). Int. J. Infect. Dis. 16 (2), e117\u2013e20 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"15","key":"54332_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.4236\/health.2014.615231","volume":"6","author":"M Nazari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nazari, M. & Azizi, A. Epidemiological pattern of scabies and its social determinant factors in west of Iran. Health 6 (15), 1972\u20131977 (2014).","journal-title":"Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"54332_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.20884\/1.iphj.2020.1.2.3071","volume":"1","author":"RF Trasia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trasia, R. F. Scabies in Indonesia: Epidemiology and prevention. Insights Public. Health J. 1 (2), 30\u201338 (2020).","journal-title":"Insights Public. Health J."},{"issue":"3","key":"54332_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/109319","volume":"27","author":"J Korycinska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Korycinska, J., Dzika, E. & Kloch, M. Epidemiology of scabies in relation to socio-economic and selected climatic factors in north-east Poland. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 27 (3), 374\u2013378 (2020).","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"54332_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1690-3","volume":"9","author":"EA Kouotou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kouotou, E. A., Nansseu, J. R. N., Kouawa, M. K. & Zoung-Kanyi Bissek, A-C. Prevalence and drivers of human scabies among children and adolescents living and studying in Cameroonian boarding schools. Parasites vectors. 9 (1), 400 (2016).","journal-title":"Parasites vectors"},{"key":"54332_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205031212412747","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121241274757","volume":"12","author":"A Girma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Girma, A., Abdu, I. & Teshome, K. Prevalence and determinants of scabies among schoolchildren in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open. Med. 12, 20503121241274757 (2024).","journal-title":"SAGE Open. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"54332_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002421","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2023-002421","volume":"8","author":"MJ Hasan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hasan, M. J., Rafi, M. A., Choudhury, T. & Hossain, M. G. Prevalence and risk factors of scabies among children living in Madrasahs (Islamic religious boarding schools) of Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. BMJ paediatrics open. 8 (1), e002421 (2024).","journal-title":"BMJ paediatrics open."},{"issue":"4","key":"54332_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0320675","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0320675","volume":"20","author":"AM Ibrahim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ibrahim, A. M. et al. Prevalence of scabies and associated factors among school age children in Qoloji IDP in Babile district, Somali, Eastern Ethiopia. PLoS One. 20 (4), e0320675 (2025).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"54332_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-023-00544-6","volume":"51","author":"F Melese","year":"2023","unstructured":"Melese, F. et al. Cloth sharing with a scabies case considerably explains human scabies among children in a low socioeconomic rural community of Ethiopia. Trop. Med. Health. 51 (1), 52 (2023).","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"54332_CR32","first-page":"203","volume":"13","author":"ZJ Yassin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yassin, Z. J., Dadi, A. F., Nega, H. Y., Derseh, B. T. & Asegidew, W. Scabies Outbreak Investigation among Yekolo Temaris in Gondar Town, North Western Ethiopia, November 2015. Electron. J. Biology. 13 (3), 203\u2013209 (2017).","journal-title":"Electron. J. Biology"},{"issue":"12","key":"54332_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.14058","volume":"29","author":"S Gupta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gupta, S., Thornley, S., Morris, A., Sundborn, G. & Grant, C. Prevalence and determinants of scabies: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Tropical Med. Int. Health. 29 (12), 1006\u20131017 (2024).","journal-title":"Tropical Med. Int. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"54332_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.59249\/SHYP2377","volume":"98","author":"AA Paray","year":"2025","unstructured":"Paray, A. A. et al. Scabies as a Neglected Tropical Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis and Treatment. Yale. J. Biol. Med. 98 (4), 489 (2025).","journal-title":"Yale. J. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"54332_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.4081\/jphia.2020.1303","volume":"11","author":"ED Worku","year":"2020","unstructured":"Worku, E. D., Asemahagn, M. A. & Endalifer, M. L. Determinants of scabies outbreak in Takusa district of Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia. J. public. health Afr. 11 (2), 1325 (2020).","journal-title":"J. public. health Afr."},{"issue":"1","key":"54332_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0277912","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277912","volume":"18","author":"G Ararsa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ararsa, G., Merdassa, E., Shibiru, T. & Etafa, W. Prevalence of scabies and associated factors among children aged 5\u201314 years in Meta Robi District, Ethiopia. Plos one. 18 (1), e0277912 (2023).","journal-title":"Plos one"},{"issue":"11","key":"54332_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e087097","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-087097","volume":"14","author":"N Shifera","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shifera, N. & Yosef, T. Burden and determinants of scabies in a pastoralist community: a case\u2013control study from Southwest Ethiopia. BMJ open. 14 (11), e087097 (2024).","journal-title":"BMJ open."},{"issue":"1","key":"54332_CR38","first-page":"39","volume":"8","author":"MW Siamondole","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siamondole, M. W. Community Scabies Outbreak Investigation and Risk Factors in Katondo Health Post, Kasenengwa District of Eastern Province: Unmatched Case Control Study. Int. J. Infect. Dis. Ther. 8 (1), 39\u201345 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"54332_CR39","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"B Trettin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Trettin, B., Lassen, J. A., Andersen, F. & Agerskov, H. The journey of having scabies\u2013a qualitative study. J. Nurs. Educ. Pract. 9 (2), 1\u20139 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Educ. Pract."},{"key":"54332_CR40","unstructured":"Bayisenge, U. (ed) The lived experience of people affected with scabies: Case from Rwanda. Brighton and Sussex Medical School Paper Presentation in EASA Conference, Barcelona; (2024)."},{"issue":"11","key":"54332_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e075103","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-075103","volume":"13","author":"NA Richardson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Richardson, N. A. et al. Scabies outbreak management in refugee\/migrant camps in Europe 2014\u20132017: a retrospective qualitative interview study of healthcare staff experiences and perspectives. BMJ open. 13 (11), e075103 (2023).","journal-title":"BMJ open."},{"issue":"1","key":"54332_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-025-02529-9","volume":"24","author":"D Ayode","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ayode, D., Zewude, B., Davey, G., Zaman, S. & Tadele, G. Exploring perceptions on vulnerabilities and resilience to scabies among street children: a qualitative study in Ethiopia. Int. J. Equity Health. 24 (1), 162 (2025).","journal-title":"Int. J. Equity Health"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-54332-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-54332-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-54332-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T22:43:17Z","timestamp":1784673797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-54332-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["54332"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-54332-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was obtained from the Institutional Research Ethics Review Committee of Injibara University (Ref No. IU\/IRERC\/19\/25), and cooperation letters were obtained from the Amhara Public Health Institute, Awi Zone Health Department, and Fagita Lekoma District Health Office. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment in the study. For children under 18 years, written informed consent was obtained from parent and\/or legal guardians of each participant prior to enrollment in the study. All participants were provided with detailed information about the study objectives, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequences.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"22858"}}