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Following our recently published hypothesis regarding metal-induced bone fragility, we performed an exploratory study to investigate whether chronic exposures to metals in traffic-derived PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    during development compromise bone health in young adult mice. This opportunistic investigation utilised stored biological material from a concurrent sub-chronic exposure study. BALBc mice were divided into PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    exposed and control groups over 12 weeks. Starting at 6 weeks of age PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    exposed mice received daily intranasal administration of 10 \u00b5g\/mL filtered particulates collected from Sydney roadside air while controls received saline. Metal accumulation was quantified using ICP-MS and bone structural properties were assessed via micro-CT. Mechanical properties were evaluated through three-point bending tests at 4 and 8 and 12 weeks of exposure. No significant differences were observed between groups across any parameter. Both groups exhibited comparable concentrations of endogenous and exogenous metals at all examined time points. Bone geometric properties and mechanical characteristics including yield stress and ultimate tensile strength and stiffness were similar between groups with normal age-related development in both. These findings suggest that metal accumulation in bone is not significant in early life and is not associated with a deterioration of mechanical properties under the specific conditions of this exploratory model. It is more likely that any adverse effects require a cumulative lifetime burden and age-related decline in protective mechanisms rather than immediate developmental vulnerability. This shifts the focus from early-life susceptibility to long-term risk and establishes a methodological pipeline for future longitudinal research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-54342-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T08:25:28Z","timestamp":1779956728000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chronic developmental exposure to traffic-derived PM2.5 has limited skeletal effects in mice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Joudi","family":"Altaleb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yushi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian G.","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Mudway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard L.","family":"Abel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"54342_CR1","unstructured":"International Osteoporosis & Foundation Epidemiology of osteoporosis and fragility fractures. https:\/\/www.osteoporosis.foundation\/facts-statistics\/epidemiology-of-osteoporosis-and-fragility-fractures (2025)."},{"key":"54342_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.11.001","volume":"42","author":"JA Kanis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kanis, J. 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