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While it is unclear how acute COVID-19 severity contributes to these lasting deficits, some evidence suggests that critical illness may lead to cognitive deficits similar to post-intensive care syndrome. This study examined long-term cognitive, mental, and physical health in patients with varying acute COVID-19 severity (mild to critical), alongside patients critically ill from non-COVID-19 causes. We conducted a bicentric prospective observational study comparing patients with PCC after mild COVID-19 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200930), those requiring ICU care for acute COVID-19 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200914), and patients with prolonged non-COVID-19 ICU stays (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097), all assessed\u2009\u2265\u200912\u00a0weeks post-onset. Comprehensive neuropsychological assessments were conducted alongside evaluations of physical impairments, psychiatric symptoms, fatigue and health-related quality of life. Overall cognition was comparable between the mild COVID-19 and ICU groups. However, the mild COVID-19 group experienced higher cognitive fatigue and lower memory satisfaction than both ICU groups, along with higher rates of anxiety (59% vs. 15%) and depression (38% vs. 15%), and reduced mental health-related quality of life compared to COV-ICU patients. Long-term cognitive impairment occurred in PCC patients and ICU survivors, irrespective of acute disease severity. Patients with mild COVID-19 reported greater long-term psychological distress.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Trial registration<\/jats:italic>\n                    : This study was retrospectively registered at the German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00025523 on 21 June 2021 (\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/drks.de\/search\/de\/trial\/DRKS00025523\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/drks.de\/search\/de\/trial\/DRKS00025523<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    ).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-54890-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T15:14:10Z","timestamp":1779894850000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term cognitive outcomes after mild COVID-19, critical COVID-19, and non-COVID critical illness: a prospective cohort comparison"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Raeder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneke","family":"Quitschau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Gorsler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"K\u00fclzow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Pohrt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Eckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiana","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"54890_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00459-7","volume":"19","author":"B Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu, B., Guo, H., Zhou, P. & Shi, Z.-L. 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