{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:32:14Z","timestamp":1786116734090,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":71,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-55037-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T11:23:10Z","timestamp":1779880990000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Use of public health benefits to design air pollution emission abatement strategies"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Edgar Josu\u00e9","family":"Arellano-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Almanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aron","family":"Jazcilevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rojas-Rueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Gerardo","family":"Ruiz-Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iv\u00e1n Y.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Paniagua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"55037_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19041950","volume":"19","author":"ACT Silva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Silva, A. C. T., Branco, P. T. & Sousa, S. I. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Air Quality: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub Health. 19(4), 1950. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19041950 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub Health"},{"key":"55037_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mathew, A. et al. Unveiling urban air quality dynamics during COVID-19: a Sentinel-5P TROPOMI hotspot analysis. Sci. Rep. 14 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-72276-4 (2024).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72276-4"},{"issue":"21","key":"55037_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31511","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-33174-4","volume":"31","author":"SA Room","year":"2024","unstructured":"Room, S. A. et al. A comprehensive examination of temporal-seasonal variations of PM1.0 and PM2.5 in Taiwan before and during the COVID-19 lockdown. Environ. Sci. Poll. Res. 31(21), 31511\u201331523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-024-33174-4 (2024).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Poll. Res."},{"key":"55037_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143183","volume":"761","author":"O Peralta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peralta, O. et al. Ozone over Mexico City during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci. Total Environ. 761, 143183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143183 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"12","key":"55037_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos15121453","volume":"15","author":"AR Soares","year":"2024","unstructured":"Soares, A. R. & Silva, C. M. What Can the COVID-19 Pandemic Tell Us About the Energy Transition? A Nitrogen Dioxide and Ground-Level Ozone Study. Atmosphere 15(12), 1453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos15121453 (2024).","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"55037_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642630","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.642630","volume":"9","author":"IY Hern\u00e1ndez-Paniagua","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Paniagua, I. Y. et al. Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Air Quality and Resulting Public Health Benefits in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. Front. Pub Health. 9, 642630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.642630 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Pub Health"},{"key":"55037_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102629","volume":"65","author":"Q Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, Q. & Li, S. Nonlinear impact of COVID-19 on pollutions \u2013 Evidence from Wuhan, New York, Milan, Madrid, Bandra, London, Tokyo and Mexico City. Sustain. Cities Soc. 65, 102629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102629 (2021).","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"55037_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156942","volume":"843","author":"X Dong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dong, X., Zheng, X., Wang, C., Zeng, J. & Zhang, L. Air pollution rebound and different recovery modes during the period of easing COVID-19 restrictions. Sci. Total Environ. 843, 156942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156942 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"55037_CR9","unstructured":"NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). AURA OMI average tropospheric NO2 maps. Global Nitrogen Dioxide Monitoring. Goddard Space Flight Center. Global Nitrogen Dioxide Monit. Home Page (2022). https:\/\/so2.gsfc.nasa.gov\/no2\/regionals.html"},{"key":"55037_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s12647-023-00681-7","volume":"39","author":"RA Tavella","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tavella, R. A. & da Silva J\u00fanior, F. M. R. Exploring the interruption-recovery pattern of air pollutants during the COVID-19 pandemic in Southern Brazil: An Analysis of the New Normal. MAPAN 39, 211\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12647-023-00681-7 (2024).","journal-title":"MAPAN"},{"key":"55037_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schneider, R. et al. Differential impact of government lockdown policies on reducing air pollution levels and related mortality in Europe. Sci. Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-04277-6 (2022).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04277-6"},{"key":"55037_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Borchers-Arriagada, N., Chaston, T., Morgan, G. G., Knibbs, L. D. & Johnston, F. H. The mortality burden attributable to PM2.5 and NO2 from all sources and traffic-related air pollution in Australia. Environ. Res. 122519 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122519 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122519"},{"key":"55037_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Flower, G. et al. Mortality impacts of long-term PM2.5 and NO2 exposure in Great Britain under national and international air quality limits. Atmos. Poll. Res. 102827 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apr.2025.102827 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2025.102827"},{"key":"55037_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102382","volume":"62","author":"P Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar, P. et al. Temporary reduction in fine particulate matter due to \u2018anthropogenic emissions switch-off\u2019 during COVID-19 lockdown in Indian cities. Sustain. Cities Soc. 62, 102382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102382 (2020).","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"55037_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blackman, A., Bonilla, J. A. & Villalobos, L. Quantifying COVID-19\u2019s silver lining: Avoided deaths from air quality improvements in Bogot\u00e1. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 117, 102749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jeem.2022.102749 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2022.102749"},{"key":"55037_CR16","unstructured":"CEAVI (Comisi\u00f3n Ejecutiva de Atenci\u00f3n a V\u00edctimas). Avisos de Jefatura de Gobierno de la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico ante contingencia por COVID\u201319. Gobierno de la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico. (2021). https:\/\/ceavi.cdmx.gob.mx\/avisos\/acuerdos-de-jefatura-de-gobierno-ante-contingencia-por-covid19"},{"key":"55037_CR17","unstructured":"DOF (Diario Oficial de la Federaci\u00f3n). ACUERDO por el que se establecen los Lineamientos T\u00e9cnicos Espec\u00edficos para la Reapertura de las Actividades Econ\u00f3micas. Ciudad de M\u00e9xico. (2020). https:\/\/nuevanormalidad.gob.mx\/files\/Acuerdo_Salud_290520_VES-1.pdf"},{"key":"55037_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10082","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30505-6","volume":"389","author":"AJ Cohen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cohen, A. J. et al. Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015. Lancet 389, 10082 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"55037_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burnett, R. et al. Global estimates of mortality associated with long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 115(38):9592\u20139597; (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.180322211","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.180322211"},{"issue":"10258","key":"55037_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","volume":"396","author":"CJ Murray","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murray, C. J. et al. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 396(10258), 1223\u20131249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"55037_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00255-2","volume":"6","author":"SC Anenberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anenberg, S. C. et al. Long-term trends in urban NO2 concentrations and associated paediatric asthma incidence: estimates from global datasets. Lancet Plan. Health. 6(1), e49\u2013e58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00255-2 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Plan. Health"},{"issue":"15","key":"55037_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5279","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155279","volume":"17","author":"C Han","year":"2020","unstructured":"Han, C. & Hong, Y. C. Decrease in Ambient Fine Particulate Matter during COVID-19 Crisis and Corresponding Health Benefits in Seoul, Korea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 17(15), 5279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17155279 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"55037_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10074","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59643-x","volume":"14","author":"JY Hong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hong, J. Y., Bang, T., Kim, S. B., Hongm, M. & Jung, J. Atmosphere particulate matter and respiratory diseases during COVID-19 in Korea. Sci. Rep. 14, 10074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-59643-x (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"55037_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2025.102423","volume":"16","author":"S Marion","year":"2025","unstructured":"Marion, S., Martiny, N., Crumeyrolle, S., Planchon, O. & Detournay, A. Particulate matter pollution at regional scale in Eastern France: Influence of weather types and circulation regimes and sources strength during COVID-19 Lockdowns. Atmos. Poll. Res. 16(3), 102423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apr.2025.102423 (2025).","journal-title":"Atmos. Poll. Res."},{"key":"55037_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139085","volume":"729","author":"G Dantas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dantas, G., Siciliano, B., Fran\u00e7a, B. B., da Silva, C. M. & Arbilla, G. The impact of COVID-19 partial lockdown on the air quality of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sci. Total Environ. 729, 139085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139085 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"55037_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Putaud, J. P. et al. Impact of 2020 COVID-19 lockdowns on particulate air pollution across Europe. Atmos Chem. Phys 23, 10145\u201310161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-23-10145-2023 (2023).","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-10145-2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"55037_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjs.2024.100351","volume":"52","author":"JA Albanai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Albanai, J. A. et al. Impact of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on gaseous pollutants and particulate matter in a hot arid climate. Kuwait J. Sci. 52(1), 100351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kjs.2024.100351 (2025).","journal-title":"Kuwait J. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"55037_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos16010090","volume":"16","author":"CA Belis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Belis, C. A. et al. Analysis of COVID-19 Lockdown to Understand Air Pollution Processes and Their Impacts on Health: A Case Study in the Western Balkans. Atmosphere 16(1), 90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos16010090 (2025).","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"55037_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ranzani, O. et al. Long-term exposure to air pollution and severe COVID-19 in Catalonia: a population-based cohort study. Nat Commun 14(1), 2916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-38469-7 (2023).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38469-7"},{"key":"55037_CR30","unstructured":"Tom Tom Traffic Index (2024). https:\/\/www.tomtom.com\/en_gb\/traffic-index\/about\/"},{"key":"55037_CR31","unstructured":"SEDEMA (Secretar\u00eda del Medio Ambiente de la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico). Direcci\u00f3n General de Calidad del Aire, Direcci\u00f3n de Proyectos de Calidad del Aire. Ciudad de M\u00e9xico. Inventario de Emisiones de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de M\u00e9xico (2018). http:\/\/www.aire.cdmx.gob.mx\/descargas\/publicaciones\/flippingbook\/inventario-emisiones-cdmx-2018\/Inventario-de-emisiones-cdmx-2018.pdf (2021b)."},{"issue":"4","key":"55037_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13655","volume":"41","author":"JS Evans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Evans, J. S., Rojas-Bracho, L., Hammitt, J. K. & Dockery, D. W. Mortality benefits and control costs of improving air quality in Mexico City: the case of heavy-duty diesel vehicles. Risk Anal. 41(4), 661\u2013677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/risa.13655 (2021).","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"55037_CR33","unstructured":"SEMARNAT (Secretaria de Medioambiente y Recursos Naturales). Norma Oficial NOM-044-SEMARNAT-2006. Que establece los l\u00edmites m\u00e1ximos permisibles de emisi\u00f3n de hidrocarburos totales, hidrocarburos no metano, mon\u00f3xido de carbono, \u00f3xidos de nitr\u00f3geno, part\u00edculas y opacidad de humo provenientes del escape de motores nuevos que usan di\u00e9sel como combustible y que se utilizar\u00e1n para la propulsi\u00f3n de veh\u00edculos automotores nuevos con peso bruto vehicular mayor de 3,857 kilogramos, as\u00ed como para unidades nuevas con peso bruto vehicular mayor a 3,857 kilogramos equipadas con este tipo de motores (secretaria de Medio ambiente y Recursos naturales, 2006). https:\/\/www.profepa.gob.mx\/innovaportal\/file\/658\/1\/NOM_044_SEMARNAT_2006_12_OCT_06.pdf"},{"key":"55037_CR34","unstructured":"HEI (Health Effects Institute). Executive Summary. The Advanced Collaborative Emissions Study. (2015). https:\/\/www.healtheffects.org\/publication\/executive-summary-advanced-collaborative-emissions-study-aces"},{"key":"55037_CR35","unstructured":"Posada, F., Isenstandt, A. & Badshah, H. Estimated cost of diesel emissions-control technology to meet future California low NOx standards in 2024 and 2027. The International Council on Clean Transportation. (2020). https:\/\/theicct.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/HDV-emissions-compliance-cost-may2020.pdf"},{"issue":"9","key":"55037_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2017.1310677","volume":"67","author":"M Zavala","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zavala, M. et al. Real-world emissions of in-use off-road vehicles in Mexico. J. Air Waste Manag Assoc. 67(9), 958\u2013972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10962247.2017.1310677 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag Assoc."},{"key":"55037_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Moreno, A. et al. Transient traffic energy-use analysis employing video-tracking and microscopic modeling techniques: a case study using electric and combustion engine vehicles. Energy Sci. Eng. 10, 2022\u20132034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ese3.1148 (2022).","DOI":"10.1002\/ese3.1148"},{"issue":"6","key":"55037_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e210","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30107-8","volume":"4","author":"K Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, K., Wang, M., Huang, C., Kinney, P. L. & Anastas, P. T. Air pollution reduction and mortality benefit during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Lancet Plan. Health. 4(6), e210\u2013e212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30107-8 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Plan. Health"},{"key":"55037_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2023.07.031","volume":"143","author":"V Almanza","year":"2024","unstructured":"Almanza, V., Ruiz-Su\u00e1rez, L. G., Torres-Jard\u00f3n, R., Garc\u00eda-Reynoso, A. & Hern\u00e1ndez-Paniagua, I. Y. Influence of biomass burning on ozone levels in the Megalopolis of Central Mexico during the COVID-19 lockdown. J. Environ. Sci. 143, 99\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jes.2023.07.031 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"55037_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112207","volume":"207","author":"S Dharmalingam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dharmalingam, S. et al. Developing air pollution concentration fields for health studies using multiple methods: Cross-comparison and evaluation. Environ. Res. 207, 112207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112207 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"55037_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181cc86e8","volume":"21","author":"F Dominici","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dominici, F., Peng, R. D., Barr, C. D. & Bell, M. L. Protecting human health from air pollution: shifting from a single-pollutant to a multipollutant approach. Epidemiology 21(2), 187\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181cc86e8 (2010).","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"55037_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Venter, Z. S., Aunan, K., Chowdhury, S. & Lelieveld, J. COVID-19 lockdowns cause global air pollution declines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 117(32), 18984\u201318990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2006853117 (2020).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006853117"},{"key":"55037_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rybarczyk, Y. & Zalakeviciute, R. Assessing the COVID-19 impact on air quality: A machine learning approach. Geophys. Res. Lett. 48(4), e2020GL091202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2006853117 (2021).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006853117"},{"key":"55037_CR44","unstructured":"ADIP (Portal de datos abiertos). Gobierno de la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico (2021). https:\/\/datos.cdmx.gob.mx\/"},{"key":"55037_CR45","unstructured":"INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Geograf\u00eda). Indicador Mensual de la Actividad Industrial (2021). https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/temas\/imai\/"},{"key":"55037_CR46","unstructured":"INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Geograf\u00eda). Indicador Poblaci\u00f3n (2021). https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/temas\/estructura\/"},{"key":"55037_CR47","unstructured":"SEDEMA (Secretar\u00eda del Medio Ambiente de la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico). Sistema de Monitoreo Atmosf\u00e9rico de la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico. Gobierno de la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico. (2021a). http:\/\/www.aire.df.gob.mx\/default.php"},{"key":"55037_CR48","unstructured":"DOF (Diario Oficial de la Federaci\u00f3n. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-020-SSA1- Criterio para evaluar la calidad del aire ambiente con respecto al ozono (O3). Diario Oficial de la Federaci\u00f3n del 28 de octubre de 2021 (2021)."},{"key":"55037_CR49","unstructured":"DOF (Diario Oficial de la Federaci\u00f3n. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-023-SSA1- Criterio para evaluar la calidad del aire ambiente con respecto al di\u00f3xido de nitr\u00f3geno (NO2). Diario Oficial de la Federaci\u00f3n del 27 de octubre de 2021 (2021)."},{"key":"55037_CR50","unstructured":"DOF (Diario Oficial de la Federaci\u00f3n). Modificaci\u00f3n a la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-025-SSA1-2021. Criterios para evaluar la calidad del aire ambiente, con respecto a material particulado (part\u00edculas suspendidas totales PST, part\u00edculas menores de 10 micr\u00f3metros PM10 y part\u00edculas menores de 2.5 micr\u00f3metros PM2.5). (2021c). Diario Oficial de la Federaci\u00f3n del 27 de octubre del 2021."},{"key":"55037_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.344","volume":"653","author":"S Grange","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grange, S. & Carslaw, D. Using meteorological normalisation to detect interventions in air quality time series. Sci. Total Environ. 653, 578\u2013588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.344 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"55037_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Horton, D., Harshvardhan, E. & Diffenbaugh, N. S. Response of air stagnation frequency to anthropogenically enhanced radiative forcing. Environ. Res. Lett. 7, 044034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/7\/4\/044034 (2012).","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/7\/4\/044034"},{"key":"55037_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"084001","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aad2e2","volume":"13","author":"GH Kerr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kerr, G. H. & Waugh, D. W. Connections between summer air pollution and stagnation. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, 084001 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"55037_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huffman, G. J., Stocker, D. T., Bolvin, E. J. & Nelkin-Jackson, T. GPM IMERG Late Precipitation L3 1 day 0.1 degree x 0.1 degree V06, Edited by Andrey Savtchenko, Greenbelt, MD, Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC). (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/GPM\/IMERGDL\/DAY\/06","DOI":"10.5067\/GPM\/IMERGDL\/DAY\/06"},{"issue":"6","key":"55037_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3672.1","volume":"19","author":"Y Sun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Solomon, S., Dai, A. & Portmann, R. W. How often does it rain? J. Clim. 19(6), 916\u2013934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JCLI3672.1 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"55037_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3383","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-12-3383-2019","volume":"12","author":"DD Parrish","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parrish, D. D., Derwent, R. G., O\u2019Doherty, S. & Simmonds, P. G. Flexible approach for quantifying average long-term changes and seasonal cycles of tropospheric trace species. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 12, 3383\u20133394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-12-3383-2019 (2019).","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"55037_CR57","unstructured":"R Core Team. A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna. (2023). https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"55037_CR58","unstructured":"IHME (Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation). Global Health Data GHDx tool. Institute Health Metrics Evaluation (2022). https:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/gbd-results"},{"key":"55037_CR59","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization). Regional Office for Europe, European Center for Environment and Health. AirQ+: software tool for health risk assessment of air pollution (2019). http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/health-topics\/environment-and-health\/air-qualityactivities\/airq-software-tool-for-health-risk-assessment-of-air-pollution"},{"key":"55037_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sacks, J. D. et al. Quantifying the Public Health Benefits of Reducing Air Pollution: Critically Assessing the Features and Capabilities of WHO\u2019s AirQ\u2009+\u2009and U.S. EPA\u2019s Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program - Community Edition (BenMAP - CE). Atmosphere11(5), 516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos11050516 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11050516"},{"issue":"9","key":"55037_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.9.1132","volume":"287","author":"CA Pope","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pope, C. A. et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287(9), 1132\u20131141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.287.9.1132 (2002).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"55037_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105974","volume":"143","author":"J Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, J. & Hoek, G. Long-term exposure to PM and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Int. 143, 105974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105974 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"11","key":"55037_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0803894","volume":"360","author":"M Jerrett","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jerrett, M. et al. Long-term ozone exposure and mortality. N Engl. J. Med. 360(11), 1085\u20131095. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0803894 (2009).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"55037_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000847","volume":"29","author":"RW Atkinson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Atkinson, R. W. et al. Long-term Concentrations of Nitrogen Dioxide and Mortality: A Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies. Epidemiology 29(4), 460\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000847 (2018).","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"55037_CR65","unstructured":"WHO. Regional Office for Europe. Health risks of air pollution in Europe: HRAPIE-2 project: updated guidance on concentration-response functions for health risk assessment of air pollution in the WHO European Region. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe. ISBN: 9789289062633 (2025)."},{"key":"55037_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607683","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2024.1607683","volume":"69","author":"P Orellano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Orellano, P., Kasdagli, M. I., P\u00e9rez Velasco, R. & Samoli, E. Long-term exposure to particulate matter and mortality: an update of the WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J Pub Health. 69, 1607683 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J Pub Health"},{"key":"55037_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607676","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2024.1607676","volume":"69","author":"MI Kasdagli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kasdagli, M. I., Orellano, P., P\u00e9rez Velasco, R. & Samoli, E. Long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and ozone and mortality: update of the WHO Air Quality Guidelines systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Pub Health. 69, 1607676 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pub Health"},{"key":"55037_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-12-43","volume":"12","author":"G Hoek","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hoek, G. et al. Long-term air pollution exposure and cardio-respiratory mortality: a review. Environ. Health. 12, 43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-069X-12-43 (2013).","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"55037_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00114713","volume":"44","author":"A Faustini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Faustini, A., Rapp, R. & Forastiere, F. Nitrogen dioxide and mortality: review and meta-analysis of long-term studies. Eur. Respir J. 44(3), 744\u2013753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.00114713 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir J."},{"key":"55037_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar, R. P. et al. Spatio-temporal analysis of air pollution and meteorological influences in western Uttar Pradesh using Geospatial techniques: insights for policy and management. Int. J. Remote Sens. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01431161.2025.2529601 (2025).","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2025.2529601"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-55037-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-55037-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-55037-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T12:04:55Z","timestamp":1786017895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-55037-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["55037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-55037-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"24251"}}