{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T23:28:25Z","timestamp":1786318105600,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":74,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52474269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52474269"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFE0128300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFE0128300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-55186-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T20:13:46Z","timestamp":1779999226000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Study of stimulation mechanism of hydraulic fracturing induced thermal shock on joint system of geothermal reservoirs"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaokai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyao","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"55186_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(02)00002-3","volume":"6","author":"E Barbier","year":"2002","unstructured":"Barbier, E. Geothermal energy technology and current status: an overview. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 6, 3\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1364-0321(02)00002-3 (2002).","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"55186_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.11.031","volume":"56","author":"P Olasolo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Olasolo, P., Ju\u00e1rez, M. C., Morales, M. P., D'Amico, S. & Liarte, I. A. Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS): A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 56, 133\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2015.11.031 (2016).","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"55186_CR3","first-page":"14","volume":"22","author":"H Tenzer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tenzer, H. Development of hot dry rock technology. Geo-Heat Cent. Q. Bull. 22, 14\u201322 (2001).","journal-title":"Geo-Heat Cent. Q. Bull."},{"key":"55186_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2013.11.068","volume":"70","author":"I Sarbu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sarbu, I. & Sebarchievici, C. General review of ground-source heat pump systems for heating and cooling of buildings. Energy Build. 70, 441\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enbuild.2013.11.068 (2014).","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"55186_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2020.113733","volume":"228","author":"M Soltani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soltani, M. et al. Optimization and energy assessment of geothermal heat exchangers for different circulating fluids. Energy Convers. Manag. 228, 113733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2020.113733 (2021).","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"55186_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.110750","volume":"140","author":"M Soltani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soltani, M. et al. Environmental, economic, and social impacts of geothermal energy systems. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 140, 110750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2021.110750 (2021).","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"55186_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.07.060","volume":"113","author":"H Hofmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hofmann, H., Babadagli, T. & Zimmermann, G. Hot water generation for oil sands processing from enhanced geothermal systems: process simulation for different hydraulic fracturing scenarios. Appl. Energy 113, 524\u2013547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.07.060 (2014).","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"55186_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.06.047","volume":"94","author":"D Moya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moya, D., Ald\u00e1s, C. & Kaparaju, P. Geothermal energy: power plant technology and direct heat applications. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 94, 889\u2013901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2018.06.047 (2018).","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"55186_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.01.135","volume":"148","author":"T Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu, T. et al. Prospects of power generation from an enhanced geothermal system by water circulation through two horizontal wells: a case study in the Gonghe Basin, Qinghai Province, China. Energy 148, 196\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2018.01.135 (2018).","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"55186_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-6505(75)90006-1","volume":"4","author":"MC Smith","year":"1975","unstructured":"Smith, M. C. The Los Alamos scientific laboratory dry hot rock geothermal project (LASL Group Q-22). Geothermics 4, 27\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0375-6505(75)90006-1 (1975).","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"key":"55186_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41745-7","volume":"13","author":"Z Lei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lei, Z., Zhang, Y., Cui, Q. & Shi, Y. The injection-production performance of an enhanced geothermal system considering fracture network complexity and thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling in numerical simulations. Sci. Rep. 13, 14558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-41745-7 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"55186_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/dug2.12072","volume":"3","author":"X Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu, X. et al. Impact of well placement and flow rate on production efficiency and stress field in the fractured geothermal reservoirs. Deep Undergr. Sci. Eng. 3, 358\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dug2.12072 (2024).","journal-title":"Deep Undergr. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"55186_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105414","volume":"126","author":"J Xie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie, J., Wang, J. & Liu, X. The role of fracture networks randomness in thermal utilization of enhanced geothermal system. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 126, 105414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105414 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"55186_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s10704-017-0220-4","volume":"208","author":"D Chu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chu, D., Li, X. & Liu, Z. Study the dynamic crack path in brittle material under thermal shock loading by phase field modeling. Int. J. Fract. 208, 115\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10704-017-0220-4 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Fract."},{"key":"55186_CR15","volume-title":"Experimental and Numerical Study of Hydraulic Fracturing in Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)","author":"F Fei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fei, F., Lu, Y., Bunger, A. P. & Cusini, M. Experimental and Numerical Study of Hydraulic Fracturing in Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) (Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), 2023)."},{"key":"55186_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2014.05.017","volume":"70","author":"LP Frash","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frash, L. P., Gutierrez, M. & Hampton, J. True-triaxial apparatus for simulation of hydraulically fractured multi-borehole hot dry rock reservoirs. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 70, 496\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2014.05.017 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"55186_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-020-02082-7","volume":"53","author":"N Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, N. et al. Thermal effects on the physical and mechanical properties and fracture initiation of Laizhou granite during hydraulic fracturing. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 53, 2539\u20132556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00603-020-02082-7 (2020).","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"55186_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2021.107741","volume":"248","author":"N Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, N. et al. Effect of thermal shock on laboratory hydraulic fracturing in Laizhou granite: an experimental study. Eng. Fract. Mech. 248, 107741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2021.107741 (2021).","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"55186_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ngib.2024.01.002","volume":"11","author":"P Tan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tan, P., Pang, H., Jin, Y. & Zhou, Z. Experiments and analysis of hydraulic fracturing in hot dry rock geothermal reservoirs using an improved large-size high-temperature true triaxial apparatus. Nat. Gas Ind. B 11, 83\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ngib.2024.01.002 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Gas Ind. B"},{"key":"55186_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2023.120858","volume":"337","author":"Y Xue","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xue, Y. et al. Effect of water-cooling shock on fracture initiation and morphology of high-temperature granite: application of hydraulic fracturing to enhanced geothermal systems. Appl. Energy 337, 120858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2023.120858 (2023).","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"55186_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S1876-3804(24)60502-1","volume":"51","author":"P Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao, P. et al. Large-scale physical simulation of injection and production of hot dry rock in Gonghe Basin, Qinghai Province, China. Pet. Explor. Dev. 51, 741\u2013752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1876-3804(24)60502-1 (2024).","journal-title":"Pet. Explor. Dev."},{"key":"55186_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-022-02996-z","volume":"179","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou, Z., Mikada, H., Takekawa, J. & Xu, S. Numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing in enhanced geothermal systems considering thermal stress cracks. Pure Appl. Geophys. 179, 1775\u20131804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00024-022-02996-z (2022).","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"55186_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2024.123350","volume":"249","author":"J Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, J. et al. Advances in enhanced geothermal systems: integrating laboratory, numerical and field insights. Appl. Therm. Eng. 249, 123350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2024.123350 (2024).","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"55186_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geothermics.2020.101853","volume":"87","author":"S Nadimi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nadimi, S. et al. Utah FORGE: hydrogeothermal modeling of a granitic based discrete fracture network. Geothermics 87, 101853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geothermics.2020.101853 (2020).","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"key":"55186_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2020.108306","volume":"199","author":"Y Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu, Y. et al. Numerical simulation of complex fracture geometry caused by hydrodynamics in shale with pre-existing weak planes. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 199, 108306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.petrol.2020.108306 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"55186_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2021.104346","volume":"97","author":"Z Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu, Z. et al. Investigation of the effect of different injection schemes on fracture network patterns in hot dry rocks - A numerical case study of the FORGE EGS site in Utah. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 97, 104346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jngse.2021.104346 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng."},{"key":"55186_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2023.109502","volume":"290","author":"JJ Pidho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pidho, J. J. et al. Activation of natural fractures during hydraulic fracturing in elastoplastic jointed rocks. Eng. Fract. Mech. 290, 109502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2023.109502 (2023).","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"55186_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8859177","volume":"2023","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan, Y. et al. Fracture initiation and propagation in the hot dry rock subject to the cyclic injection hydraulic fracturing treatment. Geofluids 2023, 8859177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/8859177 (2023).","journal-title":"Geofluids"},{"key":"55186_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2024.05.053","author":"R Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, R. et al. Effect of thermal treatment on unloading-induced fracture activation of granites during triaxial shear slip experiments. J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrmge.2024.05.053 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"55186_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2024.105642","volume":"174","author":"C Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, C. et al. Mechanisms of stress- and fluid-pressure-driven fault reactivation in Gonghe granite: implications for injection-induced earthquakes. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 174, 105642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2024.105642 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"55186_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2025.106344","volume":"197","author":"L Zhang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhang, L. et al. Characteristics of fault slip, energy budget, and precursory stress drop revealed by fluid-induced fault instability experiments with varied injection rates. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 197, 106344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2025.106344 (2026).","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"55186_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023GL108103","volume":"51","author":"C Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, C. et al. Frictional stability of laumontite under hydrothermal conditions and implications for injection-induced seismicity in the Gonghe Geothermal Reservoir, Northwest China. Geophys. Res. Lett. 51, e2023GL108103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2023GL108103 (2024).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"55186_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2024.09.007","author":"J Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Thermophysical-mechanical behaviors of hot dry granite subjected to thermal shock cycles and dynamic loadings. J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrmge.2024.09.007 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"55186_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2022.105074","volume":"152","author":"T Zhai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhai, T., Zhu, J., Zhou, C. & Yang, T. Experimental investigation of the effect of thermal treatment on shear characteristics of healed rock joints. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 152, 105074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2022.105074 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"55186_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2026.106422","volume":"199","author":"Z Hu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Hu, Z. et al. Multi-method constrained stress states in the Qiabuqia geothermal field, NW China: insights from basin-basement contrasts. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 199, 106422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2026.106422 (2026).","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"55186_CR36","first-page":"119","volume":"38","author":"SUN Zhixin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhixin, S. U. N., Baixiang, L. I. & Zhilin, W. A. N. G. Exploration of the possibility of hot dry rock occurring in the Qinghai GongheBasin. Hydrogeol. Eng. Geol. 38, 119\u2013129 (2011).","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"55186_CR37","unstructured":"Xu, T., Liang, X., Feng, B., Jiang, Z. Geologic Setting of the Potential EGS Site at the Gonghe Basin, China: Suitability for Research and Demonstration of Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development (2019)"},{"key":"55186_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.31035\/cg2018043","volume":"1","author":"Y Feng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feng, Y. et al. The geothermal formation mechanism in the Gonghe Basin: discussion and analysis from the geological background. China Geol. 1, 331\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31035\/cg2018043 (2018).","journal-title":"China Geol."},{"key":"55186_CR39","first-page":"1087","volume":"45","author":"SQ Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, S. Q. et al. Geothermal geological characteristics of Chapcha hot dry rock mass in Gonghe County, Qinghai Province. Geol. China 45, 1087\u20131102 (2018).","journal-title":"Geol. China"},{"key":"55186_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2024.04.028","volume":"17","author":"B Du","year":"2025","unstructured":"Du, B., Zhang, F. & Zhang, C. Distinct element modeling of hydraulic fracture propagation with discrete fracture network at Gonghe enhanced geothermal system site, Northwest China. J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 17, 3435\u20133448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrmge.2024.04.028 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"55186_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geothermics.2023.102692","volume":"111","author":"Z Lei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lei, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S. & Shi, Y. Numerical study of hydraulic fracturing treatments and geothermal energy extraction from a naturally fractured granitic formation. Geothermics 111, 102692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geothermics.2023.102692 (2023).","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"key":"55186_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geothermics.2024.102974","volume":"119","author":"K Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, K. et al. Experimental study of mechanical properties of hot dry granite under thermal-mechanical couplings. Geothermics 119, 102974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geothermics.2024.102974 (2024).","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"key":"55186_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.13722\/j.cnki.jrme.2019.0182","volume":"39","author":"B Xi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xi, B. et al. Experimental study on mechanical properties of granite taken from Gonghe Basin, Qinghai province after high temperature thermal damage. Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng. 39, 69\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13722\/j.cnki.jrme.2019.0182 (2020).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"55186_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3329","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-020-09501-6","volume":"28","author":"E Bakhshi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bakhshi, E., Golsanami, N. & Chen, L. Numerical modeling and lattice method for characterizing hydraulic fracture propagation: a review of the numerical, experimental, and field studies. Arch. Comput. Methods Eng. 28, 3329\u20133360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11831-020-09501-6 (2021).","journal-title":"Arch. Comput. Methods Eng."},{"key":"55186_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2015.06.007","volume":"71","author":"B Damjanac","year":"2016","unstructured":"Damjanac, B. & Cundall, P. Application of distinct element methods to simulation of hydraulic fracturing in naturally fractured reservoirs. Comput. Geotech. 71, 283\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compgeo.2015.06.007 (2016).","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"55186_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enganabound.2022.03.011","volume":"138","author":"F Rui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rui, F. & Zhao, G.-F. Development of the four-dimensional lattice spring model for thermo-mechanical fracturing and large deformation of solids. Eng. Anal. Bound. Elem. 138, 390\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enganabound.2022.03.011 (2022).","journal-title":"Eng. Anal. Bound. Elem."},{"key":"55186_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-022-09920-8","volume":"15","author":"Y Lv","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lv, Y. et al. Modeling the interaction of hydraulic fracture with natural fracture based on lattice methods. Arab. J. Geosci. 15, 628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12517-022-09920-8 (2022).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"55186_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s40571-015-0085-0","volume":"3","author":"B Damjanac","year":"2016","unstructured":"Damjanac, B., Detournay, C. & Cundall, P. A. Application of particle and lattice codes to simulation of hydraulic fracturing. Comput. Part. Mech. 3, 249\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40571-015-0085-0 (2016).","journal-title":"Comput. Part. Mech."},{"key":"55186_CR49","volume-title":"XSite\u2014Description of Formulation","author":"B Damjanac","year":"2011","unstructured":"Damjanac, B. et al. XSite\u2014Description of Formulation (ITASCA Consulting Group. Inc, 2011)."},{"key":"55186_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0267-7_21","volume-title":"Maple via Calculus: A Tutorial Approach","author":"RJ Lopez","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lopez, R. J. Newton\u2019s law of cooling. In Maple via Calculus: A Tutorial Approach (ed. Lopez, R. J.) 83\u201384 (Birkh\u00e4user, 1994)."},{"key":"55186_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.06.024","volume":"145","author":"Z Lei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lei, Z. et al. Electricity generation from a three-horizontal-well enhanced geothermal system in the Qiabuqia geothermal field, China: slickwater fracturing treatments for different reservoir scenarios. Renew. Energy 145, 65\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2019.06.024 (2020).","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"55186_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.13722\/j.cnki.jrme.2018.0027","volume":"37","author":"S Tang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tang, S., Luo, J. & Tang, C. Theoretical and numerical study on the cryogenic fracturing in rock. Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng. 37, 1596\u20131607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13722\/j.cnki.jrme.2018.0027 (2018).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"55186_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2021.10.115","volume":"7","author":"Z Lei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lei, Z. & Zhang, Y. Investigation on the effect of symmetrical multi-well layout on geothermal energy extraction from a fractured granitic reservoir: a case study in the Gonghe Basin, Northwestern China. Energy Rep. 7, 7741\u20137758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egyr.2021.10.115 (2021).","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"55186_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40948-021-00309-7","volume":"8","author":"N Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, N., Xie, H., Hu, J. & Li, C. A critical review of the experimental and theoretical research on cyclic hydraulic fracturing for geothermal reservoir stimulation. Geomech. Geophys. Geo-Energy Geo-Resour. 8, 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40948-021-00309-7 (2021).","journal-title":"Geomech. Geophys. Geo-Energy Geo-Resour."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-55186-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-55186-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-55186-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T22:37:43Z","timestamp":1786315063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-55186-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["55186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-55186-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"24562"}}