{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T23:08:00Z","timestamp":1793660880479,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2026R182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2026R182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-55463-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T14:46:32Z","timestamp":1782917192000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Carvacrol nanoemulsion as a novel approach to augment H9N2 influenza vaccine efficacy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Humidah","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa I. Abd","family":"El-Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naglaa F. S.","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azza S.","family":"El-Demerdash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naser A.","family":"ElSawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah G.","family":"Al-Kushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naief A.","family":"Dahran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Banan","family":"Atwah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norah K","family":"Algarzae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musaad B.","family":"Alsahly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thamer A.","family":"Alsufayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada K.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1788-0038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud M.","family":"Bendary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"55463_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2155584","volume":"12","author":"L Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, L. et al. Hazards posed by avian influenza to human health: a comprehensive review. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 12 (1), 789\u2013801 (2023).","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"55463_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.125878.1","volume":"11","author":"S Rehman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rehman, S. et al. Avian influenza (H5N1) virus: epidemiology and its effects on backyard poultry in Indonesia. F1000Res 11, 1321 (2022).","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"55463_CR3","first-page":"1234","volume":"15","author":"L Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, L. et al. Advantages of natural compounds in enhancing the efficacy of avian influenza vaccines: a comprehensive review. Front. Pharmacol. 15, 1234 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"55463_CR4","first-page":"105123","volume":"189","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Resistance of avian influenza to commonly used antiviral medications: a comprehensive review. Antiviral Res. 189, 105123 (2023).","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"55463_CR5","first-page":"783855","volume":"12","author":"V Srivastava","year":"2021","unstructured":"Srivastava, V. & Mehta, J. L. Advancements in influenza vaccine development. Front. Immunol. 12, 783855 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"55463_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29858-w","volume":"8","author":"YJ Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin, Y. J. et al. Aluminum salts as an adjuvant for pre-pandemic influenza vaccines: a meta-analysis. Sci. Rep. 8, 11460 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"55463_CR7","first-page":"5678","volume":"14","author":"H Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, H. et al. Administering avian influenza vaccine in combination with other vaccines or immunomodulatory agents. Front. Immunol. 14, 5678 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"55463_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.3390\/v15081694","volume":"15","author":"H Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, H., Zhu, S., Govinden, R. & Chenia, H. Y. Multiple vaccines and strategies for pandemic preparedness of avian influenza virus. Viruses 15 (8), 1694 (2023).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"12","key":"55463_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6281","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez576","volume":"98","author":"MI Abd El-Hamid","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abd El-Hamid, M. I., Awad, N. F. S., Abo-Shama, U. H., Hashem, Y. M. & Abdel-Rahman, M. A. In vitro evaluation of antimicrobials against avian Mycoplasma. Poult. Sci. 98 (12), 6281\u20136288 (2019).","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"55463_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.15414\/jmbfs.2021.10.4.609-619","volume":"10","author":"AM Ammar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ammar, A. M., El-Naenaeey, E. Y., Abd El-Hamid, M. I., El-Gedawy, A. A. & El-Malt, R. M. S. Campylobacter as a major foodborne pathogen. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Food Sci. 10 (4), 609\u2013619 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Food Sci."},{"key":"55463_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12162082","volume":"12","author":"MI Abd El-Hamid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abd El-Hamid, M. I. et al. Modulatory impacts of multi-strain probiotics on rabbits\u2019 growth and immune system. Animals 12, 2082 (2022).","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"55463_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-022-11781-w","volume":"106","author":"MA Elfaky","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elfaky, M. A. et al. Innovative next-generation therapies in combating MDR Escherichia coli. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 106, 1691\u20131703 (2022).","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"55463_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265027","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1265027","volume":"13","author":"MI Abd El-Hamid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abd El-Hamid, M. I. et al. Partnering essential oils with antibiotics against mastitis. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 13, 1265027 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"55463_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102889","volume":"102","author":"NFS Awad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Awad, N. F. S. et al. Multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens in poultry. Poult. Sci. 102, 102889 (2023).","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"55463_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10030478","volume":"10","author":"I Nurzijah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nurzijah, I., Elbohy, O. A., Kanyuka, K., Daly, J. M. & Dunham, S. Plant-based vaccines for poultry. Vaccines (Basel). 10 (3), 478 (2022).","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"55463_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030464","volume":"12","author":"MF Ghaly","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ghaly, M. F. et al. Tamarindus indica extract as antimicrobial therapy. Antibiot. (Basel). 12 (3), 464 (2023).","journal-title":"Antibiot. (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"55463_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-023-03745-7","volume":"39","author":"FM Mosallam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mosallam, F. M., Bendary, M. M., Elshimy, R. & El-Batal, A. I. Curcumin-clarithromycin nano-form against Helicobacter pylori. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 39 (12), 324 (2023).","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"55463_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406653","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1406653","volume":"15","author":"MM Bendary","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bendary, M. M. et al. Sulforaphane anti-virulence properties. Front. Pharmacol. 15, 1406653 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"55463_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03370-w","volume":"24","author":"AI Abousaty","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abousaty, A. I. et al. Sorbate metal complexes. BMC Microbiol. 24, 262 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"55463_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6103","volume":"32","author":"M Sharifi-Rad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sharifi-Rad, M. et al. Carvacrol and human health. Phytother Res. 32 (9), 1675\u20131687 (2018).","journal-title":"Phytother Res."},{"key":"55463_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637313","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1637313","volume":"16","author":"P Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, P. et al. Carvacrol as a natural food preservative. Front. Microbiol. 16, 1637313 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"55463_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121743","volume":"324","author":"S Joshi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Joshi, S. et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of carvacrol. Life Sci. 324, 121743 (2023).","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"55463_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13020139","volume":"13","author":"M Chroho","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chroho, M., Rouphael, Y., Petropoulos, S. A. & Bouissane, L. Carvacrol and thymol antibacterial activity. Antibiot. (Basel). 13, 139 (2024).","journal-title":"Antibiot. (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"55463_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102683","volume":"102","author":"AMA Meligy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meligy, A. M. A. et al. Liposomal essential oils in broilers. Poult. Sci. 102 (6), 102683 (2023).","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"55463_CR25","first-page":"220","volume":"14","author":"N Mosleh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mosleh, N., Shomali, T. & Aghapour Kazemi, H. Zataria multiflora and Newcastle disease. Iran. J. Vet. Res. 14 (3), 220\u2013225 (2013).","journal-title":"Iran. J. Vet. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"55463_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.008","volume":"99","author":"NA El-Shall","year":"2020","unstructured":"El-Shall, N. A. et al. Essential oils and viral vaccines. Poult. Sci. 99 (6), 2944\u20132954 (2020).","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"55463_CR27","first-page":"113","volume":"2","author":"AA Saki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saki, A. A., Kalantar, M. & Khoramabadi, V. Thyme essence in broilers. Poult. Sci. J. 2 (2), 113\u2013123 (2014).","journal-title":"Poult. Sci. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"55463_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.21608\/zvjz.2016.7881","volume":"44","author":"MS Abdel-Hafez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abdel-Hafez, M. S. & Mohamed, M. A. Immunostimulants in broilers. Zagazig Vet. J. 44 (3), 273\u2013281 (2016).","journal-title":"Zagazig Vet. J."},{"key":"55463_CR29","unstructured":"Aviagen Inc. Ross 308 broiler management guide (Aviagen Inc, 2007)."},{"issue":"3","key":"55463_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2007.00381.x","volume":"35","author":"GQ Mostachio","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mostachio, G. Q., de-Oliveira, L. D., Carciofi, A. C. & Vicente, W. R. The effects of anesthesia with a combination of intramuscular xylazine-diazepam-ketamine on heart rate, respiratory rate and cloacal temperature in roosters. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 35 (3), 232\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2007.00381.x (2008). Epub 2008 Feb 18. PMID: 18282251.","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg"},{"key":"55463_CR31","first-page":"159","volume":"124","author":"S Edwards","year":"2006","unstructured":"Edwards, S. OIE laboratory standards for avian influenza. Dev. Biol. (Basel). 124, 159\u2013162 (2006).","journal-title":"Dev. Biol. (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"55463_CR32","first-page":"61","volume":"30","author":"MHH Awaad","year":"2010","unstructured":"Awaad, M. H. H. et al. Essential oils as immunostimulants. Pak Vet. J. 30 (2), 61\u201366 (2010).","journal-title":"Pak Vet. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"55463_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2008-00080","volume":"18","author":"MH Kogut","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kogut, M. H. & Klasing, K. C. Nutrition and immunity in poultry. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 18 (1), 103\u2013110 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"55463_CR34","unstructured":"R&D Systems. Quantikine ELISA kits for cytokine detection (R&D Systems, 2024)."},{"key":"55463_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-85","volume":"7","author":"JS Yuan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yuan, J. S., Reed, A., Chen, F. & Stewart, C. N. Statistical analysis of real-time PCR data. BMC Bioinform. 7, 85 (2006).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"issue":"4","key":"55463_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1177\/29.4.6166661","volume":"29","author":"SM Hsu","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hsu, S. M., Raine, L. & Fanger, H. ABC immunoperoxidase techniques. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 29 (4), 577\u2013580 (1981).","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"55463_CR37","unstructured":"Suvarna, K. S., Layton, C. & Bancroft, J. D. Bancroft\u2019s theory and practice of histological techniques 8th edn (Elsevier, 2018)."},{"key":"55463_CR38","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation. Kolde R. Pheatmap. CRAN; 2019. (2024)."},{"key":"55463_CR39","unstructured":"Kolde, R. Pheatmap: Pretty heatmaps (R package version 1.0.12) (Comprehensive R Archive Network, 2019)."},{"key":"55463_CR40","unstructured":"Elmanakhly, A. R. et al. Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect. Drug Resist. (2022)."},{"issue":"2","key":"55463_CR41","first-page":"94","volume":"62","author":"MM Bendary","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bendary, M. M., Solyman, S. M., Azab, M. M., Mahmoud, N. F. & Hanora, A. M. MRSA characterization in Egypt. Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand). 62 (2), 94\u2013100 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand)"},{"issue":"5","key":"55463_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050552","volume":"11","author":"MM Bendary","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bendary, M. M. et al. Comparative analysis of human and animal E. coli. Antibiot. (Basel). 11 (5), 552 (2022).","journal-title":"Antibiot. (Basel)"},{"issue":"21","key":"55463_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp068205","volume":"355","author":"RG Webster","year":"2006","unstructured":"Webster, R. G. & Govorkova, E. A. H5N1 influenza evolution and spread. N Engl. J. Med. 355 (21), 2174\u20132177 (2006).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"55463_CR44","first-page":"1453","volume":"10","author":"MF Ghaly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghaly, M. F. et al. Complement. Ther. against Salmonella Antibiot. (Basel) ;10(12):1453. (2021).","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. against Salmonella Antibiot. (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"55463_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051105","volume":"11","author":"EFE Mohamed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohamed, E. F. E. et al. Irradiation to improve fish quality. Microorganisms 11 (5), 1105 (2023).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"55463_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403219","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1403219","volume":"14","author":"W Bakeer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bakeer, W. et al. Anti-virulence therapies against MRSA. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 14, 1403219 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"55463_CR47","first-page":"e1001156","volume":"16","author":"AD Iuliano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iuliano, A. D. et al. Global influenza mortality estimates. PLoS Med. 16 (12), e1001156 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"55463_CR48","first-page":"1","volume":"216","author":"J Dunning","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dunning, J., Thwaites, G. E. & Openshaw, P. J. M. Influenza vaccination impact. J. Infect. Dis. 216 (1), 1\u20139 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"55463_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102154","volume":"101","author":"YM Hashem","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hashem, Y. M. et al. Toldin CRD phytobiotic. Poult. Sci. 101, 102154 (2022).","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"55463_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12192635","volume":"12","author":"GAE Elmowalid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elmowalid, G. A. E. et al. Nigella sativa against MRSA. Animals 12, 2635 (2022).","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"1","key":"55463_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0562-6","volume":"49","author":"HS Lillehoj","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lillehoj, H. S. et al. Phytochemicals as antibiotic alternatives to promote growth and enhance host health. Vet. Res. 49 (1), 76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-018-0562-6 (2018). PMID:30060764; PMCID:PMC6066919.","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"55463_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.101884","volume":"101","author":"NF Awad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Awad, N. F. et al. Aivlosin and zinc oxide nanoparticles. Poult. Sci. 101, 101884 (2022).","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"55463_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11041100","volume":"11","author":"M Alagawany","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alagawany, M., Farag, M. R., Dhama, K. & Patra, A. K. Carvacrol as a feed additive. Animals 11 (4), 1100 (2021).","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"33","key":"55463_CR54","first-page":"4643","volume":"39","author":"AM de Oliveira","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Oliveira, A. M., Carmona, R. F. & Almeida, A. R. Nano-emulsions and vaccine efficacy. Vaccine 39 (33), 4643\u20134651 (2021).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"55463_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022","volume":"94","author":"S Burt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Burt, S. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 94, 223\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022 (2004).","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"55463_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3923\/javaa.2010.2295.2304","volume":"10","author":"SR Hashemi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hashemi, S. R. & Davoodi, H. Phytogenics as new class of feed additive in poultry industry. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 10, 700\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3923\/javaa.2010.2295.2304 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Vet. Adv."},{"key":"55463_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2015.152.176","volume":"11","author":"K Dhama","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dhama, K. et al. Multiple beneficial applications of herbs in poultry health and production. Int. J. Pharmacol. 11, 152\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3923\/ijp.2015.152.176 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"55463_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Windisch, W., Schedle, K., Plitzner, C. & Kroismayr, A. Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. J. Anim. Sci. E140\u2013E148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2527\/jas.2007-0459 (2008). 86(E Suppl).","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0459"},{"key":"55463_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3390\/foods7050072","volume":"7","author":"M Mart\u00ednez-Ballesta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Ballesta, M., Gil-Izquierdo, \u00c1., Garc\u00eda-Viguera, C. & Dom\u00ednguez-Perles, R. Nanoparticles and controlled delivery for bioactive compounds: outlining challenges for new smart-foods for health. Foods 7, 72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods7050072 (2018).","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"2","key":"55463_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-019-00731-4","volume":"29","author":"SJ Choi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi, S. J. & McClements, D. J. Nanoemulsions as delivery systems for lipophilic nutraceuticals: strategies for improving their formulation, stability, functionality and bioavailability. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 29 (2), 149\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10068-019-00731-4 (2020).","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"5","key":"55463_CR61","first-page":"551","volume":"25","author":"T Tadros","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tadros, T., Izzo, G. & Sorrenti, M. Nanoemulsions for food delivery. J. Dispersion Sci. Technol. 25 (5), 551\u2013568 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Dispersion Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"55463_CR62","first-page":"559","volume":"16","author":"FT Yazdi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yazdi, F. T., Mottaghitalab, F., Atyabi, F. & Dinarvand, R. Carvacrol nanoemulsion delivery. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 16 (4), 559\u2013570 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol"},{"key":"55463_CR63","first-page":"102112","volume":"22","author":"J Seibert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seibert, J., Eifler, A. C., Mayr, C., Becker, C. & Stritzker, J. Carvacrol nanoemulsion adjuvants. Nanomedicine 22, 102112 (2019).","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"55463_CR64","first-page":"123","volume":"32","author":"RB Gomes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gomes, R. B., Silva, R. G. & Campos, L. R. Carvacrol nanoemulsions in poultry. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 32 (1), 123\u2013134 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"55463_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11050950","volume":"11","author":"MR Santos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Santos, M. R., Ferreira, A. M. & Lima, M. J. Antioxidant effects of carvacrol nanoemulsions. Antioxid. (Basel). 11 (5), 950 (2022).","journal-title":"Antioxid. (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"55463_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101510","volume":"100","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, S. & Liu, W. Carvacrol nanoemulsions in chickens. Poult. Sci. 100 (12), 101789 (2021).","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"55463_CR67","first-page":"1021","volume":"101","author":"A Sharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma, A., Sinha, P. & Choudhury, A. Nano-emulsified carvacrol in poultry. Poult. Sci. 101 (5), 1021\u20131030 (2022).","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"55463_CR68","first-page":"456","volume":"17","author":"W Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, W. et al. Severe respiratory illness and avian influenza. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 17 (3), 456\u2013470 (2023).","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"issue":"8","key":"55463_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12080759","volume":"12","author":"H Panchal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Panchal, H. et al. Nanoemulsions for vaccine delivery. Pharmaceutics 12 (8), 759 (2020).","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"16","key":"55463_CR70","first-page":"3770","volume":"25","author":"M Sharifi-Rad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharifi-Rad, M. et al. Nano-delivery systems for carvacrol. Molecules 25 (16), 3770 (2020).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"16","key":"55463_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8909","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22169034","volume":"22","author":"FG Silva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Silva, F. G. et al. Nanotechnology for immune enhancement. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22 (16), 8909 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"16","key":"55463_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4933","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26164933","volume":"26","author":"M Godoy-Gallardo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Godoy-Gallardo, M. et al. Nanoemulsions for essential oils. Molecules 26 (16), 4933 (2021).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"6","key":"55463_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1039\/C2SM06903B","volume":"8","author":"DJ McClements","year":"2012","unstructured":"McClements, D. J. Nanoemulsions versus microemulsions. Soft Matter. 8 (6), 1719\u20131729 (2012).","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"issue":"43","key":"55463_CR74","first-page":"9431","volume":"63","author":"L Zou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zou, L. et al. Nanoemulsion delivery systems for nutraceuticals. J. Agric. Food Chem. 63 (43), 9431\u20139439 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"55463_CR75","first-page":"198","volume":"24","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Wang, Z., Liu, H. & Liu, Y. Carvacrol nano-emulsion against Newcastle disease virus. J. Vet. Sci. 24 (2), 198\u2013207 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"55463_CR76","first-page":"101786","volume":"101","author":"R Patel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patel, R., Singh, R. & Verma, A. Nano-emulsified carvacrol against avian influenza. Poult. Sci. 101 (12), 101786 (2022).","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"55463_CR77","first-page":"110439","volume":"264","author":"M Singh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh, M., Mehta, S. & Sharma, P. Carvacrol nano-emulsion efficacy in poultry. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 264, 110439 (2024).","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-55463-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-55463-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-55463-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:07:16Z","timestamp":1782922036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-55463-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["55463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-55463-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study followed the ethical standards of the Research Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University. Approval Code REC.PHARM.PSU33. The committee reviewed and approved all procedures.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"20138"}}