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Phytosphingosine (PHS), a naturally occurring bioactive sphingolipid, has demonstrated anti-microbial activity against several pathogens; however, its effects on mixed-species oral biofilms and inflammatory responses remain unclear. This study investigated the in vitro anti-microbial, anti-biofilm, and immunomodulatory activities of PHS against\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic>\n                    in single- and dual-species biofilms. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a significant reduction in biofilm matrix formation in both single- and dual-species biofilms treated with PHS compared with untreated controls (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Cytotoxicity analysis demonstrated that cell viability remained above 90% following exposure to 5\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml PHS for 24\u00a0h. Furthermore, PHS pretreatment significantly attenuated LPS-induced IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 production (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Collectively, these findings suggest that PHS is a promising dual-function agent with anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties and may have potential as an adjunctive therapeutic strategy for biofilm-associated oral diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-55714-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T17:44:07Z","timestamp":1780163047000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Phytosphingosine disrupts dual-species oral biofilms and attenuates LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses in human gingival fibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nattaset","family":"Chamnanvinijchai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicha","family":"Techawatcharathep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natnicha","family":"Ngerndee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sittikorn","family":"Teerawongwiwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boonjira","family":"Anukul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panitan","family":"Jumjitvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Floris J.","family":"Bikker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamran","family":"Nazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henderikus","family":"Pots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Watcharapong","family":"Panthong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saharut","family":"Wongkaewkhiaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"55714_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12679","volume":"44","author":"P Marsh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marsh, P. & Zaura, E. 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